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Prefrontal Extinction

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The prefrontal cortex (PFC) exhibits a key role in the working memory and has an established link to the executive functions of cognition and behaviour. Impulsive behaviour is displayed in patients that suffer lesions to the PFC, as one of the important functions is that of inhibition. Therefore there is evidence to suggest that dysfunction to the PFC leads to anti-social behaviour, which is characterised by actions which cause harm to others or disturb the environment. As the PFC is crucial for the development of moral judgement, it is thought that damage to the frontal lobes in the developmental stages (during childhood) may result in adaptive deficits which continue through to adulthood (Eslinger, Flaherty-Craig & Benton, 2004). There is …show more content…

Patients with developmental-onset lesions to the vmPFC were subject to more self-centred judgements that imposed harm on others and so “a deficit in such learning is associated with poor socialisation and criminal behaviour” (Taber-Thomas et al, 2014, p1254). Thus confirming that damage to the PFC during the stages of development incites anti-social …show more content…

This is characterised by anti-social behaviour, impulsivity and lack of concern, empathy and guilt in regard of the likes of others (Hare, 1995). The amygdala, implicated in learning the emotional value of stimuli, and the vmPFC are implicated in morality and when dysfunctional, it results in psychopathy. In regards to psychopathy, Blair (2007) explains that dysfunction in these areas means that ethical decision making is undermined and anti-social behaviour is used for the advancement of one’s goals. Further support for link between PFC dysfunction and psychopathy comes from LaPierre, Braun and Hodgins (1995) who found that compared with non-psychopathic criminals, psychopathic criminals displayed noteworthy deficits on tests explicitly used to assess medial and orbital functioning. There is evidence for the frequency of aggression as Foster, Hillbrand and Silverstein (1993) found that psychiatric patients that had committed a violent crime scored poorly on tests of executive function in the frontal lobes predicted how often patients were aggressive. The orbitofrontal cortex mediates facial recognition and expression of emotions which is stimulated when changing facial expressions indicate a signal for a change in behaviour (Uekermann.& Daum, 2008). This is supported by evidence concerning human lesion impairments when recognising emotional facial

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People with damaged amygdala’s may be blind to emotion and are unable to read understand other people’s emotional expressions. Basic facial expressions appear fairly universal such as, angry, sad, happy, scheming, and neutral. In other cultures, around the world, different emotions are more or less

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1000 Words | 4 Pages

At the age of three his parents began to notice a problem as JP would walk long distances without fear and also became bossy and would steal money from other children at school. At a later age, JP continued to participate in more ASB, such as stealing cars from neighbours and relatives. This is again another case showing the effects that prefrontal damage can have on behaviour. JP and DT are only single case studies and therefore findings are hard to generalise to the wider population, however as they both suggest similar conclusions the validity of the findings is improved and there are many more case studies which show and support these findings such as those wrote about in the article; Developmental outcomes after early PFC damage (Eslinger et al,

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According to the article Psychopathy: A Misunderstood Disorder, published in Science Daily, we don’t really know much about psychopathy at all! Instead of it being one disorder, it is actually many, that together form psychopathy, thus the countless studies that contradict each other. Lead author Jennifer Skeem, along with colleagues Devon Polaschek, Christopher Patrick and Scott Lilienfeld say that the seemingly small differences in psychopaths are often overlooked by policy-makers, when the differences can actually develop into serious problems down the road. Skeem wants to clarify the common misconception about how one becomes a psychopaths, if they are born that way or made that way, the common “nature v. nurture” dilemma. Research suggests

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The hypothesis the researchers made is that, “some moral dilemmas engage emotional processing to a greater extent than others, and that it is these differences in emotional engagement that affect people’s judgments.” What is then predicted is the areas of the brain associated with emotion will be more active during contemplation of dilemmas that engage emotional processing to a greater extent. Two experiments were then conducted. In Experiment 1 and 2 nine participants were asked to respond to a total of sixty dilemmas while undergoing brain scanning using fMRI. The results from Experiment 1 showed that medial frontal gyrus, posterior cingulate gyrus, and angular gyrus, bilateral were significantly more active in the moral-personal condition than in the moral-impersonal and the non-moral conditions.

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The development of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) contributes to the human capacity to modulate emotions. This ability is significant as disruption due to brain dysfunction can have harmful effects on an individual’s capability to function adaptively in society. However, the idea that the PFC has a significant role in the regulation of aggression and violence has been challenged by studies that highlight the complexity of the multiple causes of antisocial behaviour and consequences of dysfunction of the PFC. Yet through brain imaging, modern research have shown a relationship between dysfunction of the PFC and antisocial behaviour. Studies have shown a link between alcoholism and cognitive deficits; one theory that explores this is the “frontal

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There only is

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A lot of information given in the press release differs from what is written in the original journal. There is a discrepancy between the sample size given in the press release and what appears in the original journal. The press release gives a sample size of 55 convicted murderers, 15 of whom were psychopaths while the original journal gives 52 inmates, 14 of them being psychopaths. The journal in which the original article was published is also misrepresented in the press release. Instead of giving the journal as the journal of Legal and Criminological Psychology the press release gives it as the Journal of Criminological Psychology.

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As teachers, our goal is to have students successfully learn and remember the information being taught. However, we need to first understand how the brain processes, interprets and stores information. According to David A. Sousa (1998), “when teachers have a thorough understanding of how the brain develops, learns, and organizes itself, they will make better decisions about teaching, and will use programs such as multiple intelligences, learning styles, and cooperative learning more effectively.” By understanding different exterior and interior parts of the brain, we can achieve our goal. The first part of the brain we need to understand is the executive control center, which is the frontal lobes and prefrontal cortex, located at the front

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(p.11), to consolidate criticism. The definition of sociopathy, bases on, “Antisocial personality disorder is characterized by a lack of regard for the moral or legal standards in the local culture.” (McAfee, 2003). Also encompassing behaviors such as their manipulative nature, lack of participation in illicit matters, reduced or no emotions attached to actions, recurring guilt, promiscuity, and parasitic conducts, develop an understanding of the character. (Valverde, G., 2017).

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Treatment and interventions for antisocial behavior are limited to treatments that target overall behavioral improvement. This paper will discuss the potential improvements in interventions for individuals with antisocial behavior, through the help of neurological understandings of the brain. Neurological understandings of the brain can help develop interventions that can improve behavior among the youth for better behavioral outcomes in adulthood. Current interventions give the tools for individuals to learn from presenting behavioral problems, but they do not address the core of the problem in identifying the mechanisms behind impaired responses for future contingencies. Also, neurological understandings can help with the development of

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Antisocial Personality Disorder is characterized by a pattern of blameless behaviors, social recklessness, and demoralization. The symptomology of Antisocial Personality Disorder include failure to obey the law, utilizing others for personal gain, inability to formulate interpersonal relationships and deceiving other (Black, 2015). Furthermore, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM- 5) diagnostic criteria for Antisocial Personality Disorder as someone who has a persistent patterns of disregard and the abuse of the rights of other people. It occurs since 15 years of age (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Meaning that the individual has had a history of these behaviors.

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681 Words | 3 Pages

This uncertainty is reflected in its absence from the diagnostic nomenclature/terminology DSM-IV and DSM-V. The clinical concept of psychopathy was included in early versions of APA’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, but is now incorporated to the diagnostic manuals under D/APD (WHO, 1994, and APA, 1994, respectively). Because of a multidisciplinary approach, researchers have yet to agree on a concept that is vernacular. Forensic mental health is inclusive in its purpose it is difficult to develop a consensus on fundamental, this consensus being a hallmark at science (Duggan,

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620 Words | 3 Pages

More times than not, children tend to have a severe imbalance in their ANS, because of early attachment issues and/or trauma. They may feel that their bodies and emotions are out of their control. Javier was likely met with irresistible situations, and was left without comfort by his caregivers. Because of this, Javier may have rarely felt safe enough. Since infants require an extended period of care and protection, they are birthed with behaviors that assist them in maintaining closeness to others who are capable of assisting them with regulating distress, first attachment figure.

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A child may be affected because of genetics, but childhood traumas and lack of personal connections with other people can bring these psychopathic behaviors out. Psychologists try to treat children with psychopathic traits and behaviors by helping them connect with friends and family members. Forming bonds with people close to them can form a long-lasting effect on the way they behave in the future. Psychopathic traits from childhood carry through to the child being an adolescent.

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