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Affirmative action in the us arguments for and against
Affirmative action then and now
The Importance Of Affirmative Action
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The evidence Lee provides is essentially accurate because she herself is an Asian American woman. She has dealt with the “model minority” stereotype in her own life experiences so it makes her a good candidate to be researching the students at AHS. Although Lee is an educated ethnographer,it does leave room for her results to include inaccuracies. When she first arrived at the school to begin researching, she noted that “in addition to my ethnic/racial identity and social-class identity, I discovered that my gender, age, American-born status, and position as a graduate student influenced how students reacted to me” (Lee, 2009, p.20). Some of the students recognized these pieces of her identity and then accepted her into their lives.
In “Net (Race) Neutral: An Essay on How GPA + (reweighted) SAT - Race = Diversity,” Christine Goodman illustrates the opposing viewpoints in regards to the racial discriminatory efforts by the college institutions to help diversify the incoming freshman class. With this, Goodman provides statistics and opinions of experts on the matter, which includes comparison of such discriminatory acts against other institutions. To begin, she brings up an enlightening, yet controversial court case decision: Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin (2013). This court case demonstrates significance to this topic because it counteracts a previous court case, Grutter v. Bollinger (2003), which, “upheld diversity as a compelling interest that would justify narrowly
The civil rights area of the 1960s is over. Affirmative action policies based on racial quotas or preferences have been struck down by the Supreme Court, yet states have an interest in college admission that are diverse and reflect their general population. The University of Texas finds itself defending policies intended to conform to recent court rulings yet merely mentioning race as a factor in a holistic review has drawn a challenge. The University of Texas process of admissions aligns with Gutter V Bollinger. The facts of this case are in keeping with previous court precedents.
The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), once known as the Lucretia Mott Amendment, was supposed to guarantee equal rights between men and women (The Learning Network). The ERA covered many issues that women faced during its time. Abortion rights were included so that women could choose whether or not they would have a child. The ERA included women in the military drafts as one of their topics to make sure that men and women both had the same obligations. When the Constitution was first being formed, it was stated that “All men are created equal”, but they forgot one vital piece of America —women (“Equal Rights Amendment”).
For generations now, powerful and brave women in the United States have cajoled citizens, members of Congress and government officials to ratify a Constitutional amendment that states “Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex.” In 1923, during the 75th anniversary of the 1848 Women’s Rights convention in Seneca Falls, women’s rights activist Alice Paul created the “Lucretia Mott Amendment” which would grant men and women equal rights throughout the United States. On March 22, 1972, the amendment now titled the “Equal Rights Amendment” passed the U.S Senate and House of Representatives and was to be sent to the states for approval. However, once the seven-year deadline on the ratification process came to an end in 1979, the amendment’s proponents lacked the ratification by 38 states and thus the proposed 27th amendment for equal rights was terminated. The ERA advocates continue to work together and utilize each other's resources in hope to finally pass the bill.
The Equal Rights Amendment The Equal Rights Amendment or the ERA, is a Constitutional Amendment written by Alice Paul stating, “Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex.” The amendment was first introduced to congress in 1923 however the first interest of the idea of equality started in 1848 at the first Women’s Rights convention in Seneca Falls, NY. I support the Equal Rights Amendment. Although many women did not support the ERA they believed that if congress were to pass this amendment they would people would expect too much of them and include other individuals as well. There were however a majority of women who did support the ERA stating that it would help
Affirmative Action was a national program designed to ensure that diverse people were represented in different institutions including colleges and universities as well as the workplace. Places of employment and colleges for many years discriminated against black and brown people resulting in very few numbers of those people belonging to those institutions. The Affirmative Action program was developed where certain quotas were required to be met and that resulted in more black and brown people graduating from colleges and universities and also resulted in more black and brown people being represented in corporations and companies. While I and many people view affirmative action as good thing, over the years, affirmative action supposedly
This is a comparison of the current experiences of Asians with the past experiences of Jews that is meant to paint the true nature of affirmative action as a mistake. It is well-acknowledged that; Asian students spend much more effort studying compared to other ethnic groups. Therefore, even though Asians constituted less than 10 percent of the state’s population, the admission rate for Asian Americans grows dramatically each year before the enforcement of affirmative action. In 1983, the proportion of Asian students has attained 34 percent of the entire freshman class in UC Irvine.
Affirmative Action is the policy which promotes and installs active engagement in organizations, institutions, and companies to better admit into and employ a diverse environment of students or employees. Introduced in the 1960’s “for aggressive hiring of minorities by the Federal government. The passage of Civil Rights legislation in the late 1960s and the impact of the massive anti-racist struggles waged throughout the United States expanded the idea of affirmative action beyond the immediate locus of Kennedy's memo”(Chrisman 1). Whether it is in a public or private institution, the desire to improve upon the systems of employment which have excluded minorities and women is now encouraged by law. Historically excluded and discriminated groups who could not before have an equal opportunity for a successful career can now have an equal opportunity for success in this country.
It wasn’t until 1972, Title IX was signed into law. The basis of this law was quote, “Title IX is a comprehensive federal law that prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex in any federally funded education program or activity”. To summarize, title IX was a comprehensive law that enabled women to apply for a position in any profession of their choosing. It also allowed them to major in any college/university field of study. With all of this at hand, Affirmative Action was certainly not without its cons as well as its
Affirmative action is defined as; the policy of favoring members of a disadvantaged group who suffer from discrimination within a culture. History in America has always had the reoccurring theme of racism. Throughout history there has traditionally been a universal feel of oppression to minorities. Blacks and Latinos specifically have been stereotyped as underprivileged and not able to have equal opportunity in America. Statistics back these claims up as well; America boasts 64% of the American workforce is considered Non-Hispanic White, 16% Hispanic, and a mere 12% for African Americans.
Albeit affirmative action does give people of African American and Hispanic descent an advantage as well as an opportunity to achieve in life, it is time that society officially ends it and focus more on socioeconomic status along with intelligence. I remember having a conversation at my Prep 9 program in which we discussed macro-aggressions (overt aggressions used to purposely insult a certain race) and one, that was supposedly not true, was that African Americans/Hispanics are at an advantage and solely are admitted into boarding schools to make them diverse. Prep, like other academic programs (TEAK, Oliver Scholars, etc.) only admit minorities into their programs in order to create leaders of the races. They do indeed have a positive outcome for their students which we should all be fortunate about because it is not easy to accomplish. In addition, I, along with others, would
The fear is that without this policy, diversity will not always happen if left up to chance. It is true that schools and other organizations have discriminated against women and people of other race. This problem created an unfair advantage for males of the superior race. Supporters also charge that without affirmative action African Americans would have a more difficult process of being admitted into prestigious and predominately white universities (Hopkins, 2010). Affirmative Action allows minorities to reflect different areas of study and work that otherwise would have never been considered.
According to the dominant theory the affirmative action was firstly introduced to deal with two types of social disruption in the 1960s as campus protests and urban riots in the North. However, this article is based on different theory as dominant theory's empirical evidence is limited. It examines the initial reason for advent of race-conscious affirmative action in 17 undergraduate institutions in the United States. And according to the research this article concludes that there were two waves that contributed to affirmative action: 1) first wave in the early 1960s introduced by northern college administrators 2) second wave in the late 1960s introduced as a response to the protests of campus-based students. This article will help me to establish the main reasons for introduction of race-conscious affirmative action in undergraduate
Throughout many of the affirmative action legal cases, one of the main arguments from proponents is that it is necessary in order to right the wrongs of past racial discrimination. Some say that affirmative action is justified because even though white applicants may be more qualified, this is only because they did not face the same hardships as their minority counterparts (Rachels, Ethics, 1973). Many argue if we do not integrate disadvantaged minorities into mainstream social institutions, they will continue to suffer the discrimination that has plagued our country for centuries and that this is detrimental to not only the minorities but also society as a whole (Anderson, 2002, 1270–71). However, the debate has recently shifted to the benefits of diversity in the classroom which the Supreme Court has affirmed as being a positive thing
