Quad-function model in Swedish healthcare
Any healthcare delivery system consists of four basic components Financing, Insurance, Delivery and Payment. These four functional components all together make up quad-function model. These components overlap each other but the degree of overlap differs.
Financing
Figure: Healthcare spending’s from 1980 [4]
Health care expenditure as a share of GDP was about 11.9% [who] in Sweden in 2014. Health majority of healthcare finance is generated by taxes. About 84 % of this spending is done publicly [1]. In which county council finances about 57 %, municipalities 25 %, and central government about 2 %. About 71 % of county councils total revenue is generated from local taxes 17 % from subsidies and national government grants financed by national income taxes and indirect taxes. In 2013, about 90 % of county councils total spending was on health care.
County council revenues amounted to SEK 257 billion (€29 billion) in 2009[2]
Figure: Sources of income (county) [2]
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Outpatient specialist care: Outpatient specialist care is provided at university and county council hospitals and in private clinics. Patients have a choice of specialist. Public and private providers are paid through the same fixed, prospective, per-case payments (based on diagnosis-related groups), complemented by price or volume ceilings and quality components. In addition, seven university hospitals and about 50 county council hospitals provide full emergency services 24 hours a day. [1]
Hospitals: There are seven university hospitals, and about 70 hospitals at the county council level. Counties are grouped into six health care regions to facilitate cooperation and to maintain a high level of advanced medical care. Acute care hospitals provide full emergency services. Global budgets or a mix of global budgets, diagnosis-related groups, and performance-based methods are used to reimburse hospitals. [1]