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The Four Criterias In Qualitative Research

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According to Merriam (1998), positivist or interpretive paradigm aim to produce valid, authentic and trustworthy knowledge of human experiences through ethical. All social researchers is concerned with issues of the credibility of the results produced (Creswell, 1998). Qualitative researchers have different techniques to determine research credibility and trustworthiness (Lincoln & Guba, 1985).
Guba (1981) constructs four criteria that he believes qualitative researchers should pursuit in order to have trustworthy study. The four criteria are credibility, transferability, dependability and confirmability. For credibility, researchers intend to demonstrate the real pictures of the phenomenon under examine. To allow transferability, readers are …show more content…

Acknowledge that the impact of the research needs to be considered by the researcher (Meriam,1998), hence in this study, the participants were asked if they would volunteer to be interview. Confidentiality is provided to protect individual from potential harm when the result are made public. The data and details of women would be treat confidentially and remain anonymous. Henderson (1991, p.72) noted that the challenge of interviewing within the naturalistic paradigm is to “unlock the internal perspective of every interview”. Even though, the participants will speak positive aspects of experiences, personal memories, and events that could not avoid. These issues need to deal in sensitive and ethical manner. Confidentiality and anonymity of participants was key ethical concern. All the women who participate in the interview are requires to sign a confidentiality form which mentioned earlier in chapter 3, to show their consent to participate and their agreement to use in the thesis or future academic publications. There form will be read and sign by the participant prior to the …show more content…

The following information contains discussion of the interpretative, qualitative research paradigm and the feminist informed in this research study. My personal story in the research process was not hidden. This is to ensure the trustworthiness and ethical consideration in data collection and data analysis. I also outlined the ontological, epistemological, and methodological assumptions which are the viewpoints in my research. Qualitative framework is more useful for understanding women’s motivation in regard to solo travel context.
In methodological discussion, in-depth interview was chosen as the method to investigate women’s voices and stories that express in their own words and terms. In-depth procedures were outlined to organize the unit of analysis. In an effort to ensure the findings of the study is valid, research trustworthiness and ethical considerations were also

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As a woman, Tannen talks uses her own personal feelings, and those of the women she’s studied, observed, and connected with to describe the female side of her conclusions. Her experiences bring the article down to a more personal level ­ something more relatable than just “the average of this” or “soandso concluded that over a period of 6 months with 10000 men and women”. Tannen’s personal references also give her credibility as someone who can give opinions and insight on this topic as it shows that she is not merely just someone reads studies and comments on them, but someone who has been in the field, doing her own research, taking down her own results, and discovering what others may or may not have in the past. It puts her in apposition of authority and

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307). Fittingness, credibility, and auditability will be a better fit and more appropriate for qualitative studies (LoBiondo-Wood & Haber, 2014, p. 125). Fittingness gives a detailed description of the participants’ daily lives to prove the relevance of the research findings and can be used for relatable research and theory development (LoBiondo-Wood & Haber, 2014, p. 126). When adequate information is provided for the evaluation of data analysis, an accurate and in depth description of research findings are made which demonstrates fittingness. Credibility allows the researcher to verify their interpretations and accuracy of their perspective by returning for further interviews with the participants (LoBiondo-Wood & Haber, 2014, p. 126).

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If I, was to go to Harper High School, I would use credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability to make my findings valid. Credibility, focuses on making sure that the interpretations presented in the study are true to the observed (168-170). The purpose of qualitative research is to describe the perspective from the participant 's eyes, thus, the participants are the only ones who can legitimately judge the credibility of the results. Since, I would be conducting similar research to the radio producers, seeing the daily activities of the students would help establish credibility, since it is direct data. Transferability, is a response to generalization (done by quantitative research), it creates ‘thick description’ which is detailed description of the research and assumptions (168-170).

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From examining the stories of influential women and the language used the audience receives an emotion of doubt and fear but in order to show that change can happen. Looking at the credibility of the authors and the site of publication the audience is able to trust the information being provided. Through the logos appeal, the audience is able to believe the argument presented with all the evidence provides from professors to companies. In the end, women should take away the idea that they should not doubt themselves and just go for the

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She overcame exclusion, rejection and discrimination in her own family, to acquire prestige and recognition with publishers and universities—the small aside of professional and financial accomplishments in the essay. Most of all, she came to accept herself and erase the pervasive gender polarization in her family to finally receive acceptance from her

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153 • Gilligan knew that she could not rely on traditional research methods and data analysis techniques when trying to get women’s voices heard. • Gilligan and her associates created ‘a voice-centered, relational method of doing psychological research,’ • They used an interviewing approach, ‘responsive to the harmonies of psychic life, the nonlinear, recursive, nontransparent play, interplay and orchestrations of feelings and thoughts, the polyphonic nature of any utterance, and the symbolic nature not only of what is said but also of what is not said.” pgs. 153-154 o Deeper, more meaningful analysis. • Gilligan relied on the process of storytelling because the process allows the storyteller to continually locate and relocate one’s voice within a social and cultural context.

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The emergence happened first 1970 to 1975 but only by those who did not actually specialized in women’s studies. Only 21 books were published then and none of the authors were in the field of women’s study. In 1975 to 1980 thirty-six books were published but not even those books were not published by actual women with facts because the women were still mentored by men. This circumstance brought

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Cut-off date 27 February. Part1: Essay. ‘Evaluate the contribution of a qualitative approach to research on friendship’. Part2: DE100 project report – Method.

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This article used the qualitative approach in the study which is to understand and interpret social interactions between two generations of women (Creswell, 2009, pp. 5).There are several defining characteristic of qualitative approach that can be noted in the study. The first thing that i noticed was strategy of inquiry with the use of ethnography. The nature of observation is such that the behavior of the participants is studied in the natural setting (Creswell, 2009, pp. 5). The researcher conducted the study in Mexico which means that the observational and interview data were collected and conducted in Mexico.

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Also the author was able to strengthen her argument by adding supporting views from authorities (Jean Baker Miller), which emphasized how women tend to avoid the appearance of power as she never take credit for her achievements and usually blames it on being lucky. At the end of the essay the author advocates several strategies women should pursue in order to get tough such as “taking credit when credit is due” (Par.10), because taking credit when it is deserved is a sign of confidence and determination, also she explains how women should express their anger in different ways rather than just smiling. Finally she reruns the scene when she was sexually harassed in a way displaying her as a tough woman, not as a “lady”. Being tough is an essential quality women should possess in order to succeed in society but also being ladylike

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Also the author as able to strengthen her argument by adding supporting views from authorities (Jean Baker Miller), which emphasized how women tend to avoid the appearance of power as she never take credit for her achievements and usually blames it on being lucky. At the end of the essay the author advocates several strategies women should pursue in order to get tough such as “taking credit when credit is due” (Par.10), because taking credit when it is deserved is a sign of confidence and determination, also she explains how women should express their anger in different

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This does not exclude a quantitative approach being associated with a post-positivist approach. In contrast, for a researcher who favors interpretive, knowledge is a matter of interpretation (Schutt, 2009) so that the quest for understanding the complex world of lived experience demands that the researcher interact with the research objects/participants to get the viewpoint. The investigator favored a post-positivist approach since he believes that human knowledge can be challenged and modified in light of further investigation. Following is a description of the methodology that was followed for this

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However, it is acknowledged that not all potential concerns can be resolved beforehand and are therefore sensitively acted against in the conduction of the research. In regards to the data collection process it could be argued that there is a possibility of participants facing personal and potentially embarrassing health-related or body-image issues in response to the questions asked during the study. Due to this, it is of uttermost importance to guarantee data confidentiality, anonymity and cultural empathy while conducting both the interviews, as well as the questionnaire. Related to this aspect, it should be assured that all data provided by the participants is collected on a consensual

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This literature review will be covering the topic on research paradigms. There are three major paradigms in the research paradigms which are the positivist paradigm research, interpretivist paradigm research and critical paradigm research. Each research paradigm has its own strengths and effectiveness due to their unique features which are specific to their particular approach as well as weaknesses. All researchers have their own beliefs and methods while conducting a research. Therefore, the ways of research studies conducted are vary.

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INTRODUCTION The researchers are subjected to different theories, methods, and belief systems which are already existing to guide the investigation, inquiry or study. The research tradition or research paradigm is the system that a researcher needs to follow based on type of a research. Research Paradigm can be defined as a belief system which guides the researcher on how the study should be investigated and addressed. The focus of following paper will be on differentiating between three types of research traditions which are positivism, interpretivism and critical realism based on their positions on; reason for research, ontology, epistemology, axiology, and methodology.

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