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RNR Model Of Incarceration And Offenders

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With the high level of incarceration and offenders on corrections supervision, there is a need to be able to identify those who have a greater chance to return back into the system. It has been shown that at least two-thirds of these offenders will re-offend the other one-third will not. It is extremely important to identify those offenders who are at a high risk to recidivate and devote services and resources to those individuals and cases (Baird, 2009). The RNR model is the ideal approach to risk management and rehabilitation since it addresses all three components: 1) whom to target for correctional intervention, 2) what needs to address, and 3) how to remove barriers to successful implementation of a supervision and treatment plan (Desmarais & Singh, 2013; Administrative Office of the United States Courts & Office of Probation and Pretrial Services, 2011). …show more content…

These assessments can determine whether an offender is suitable for some form of intermediate or non-incarceration sanction. It allows one to form a determination of how multiple sentences should be served, and the length of incarnation. It can assist in determining the appropriate probation conditions, the amenability of the offender to treatment, and if the offender is eligible for diversion. This is a main reason that the use of an accurate risk assessment is pertinent in sentencing. The pre-sentence investigations and reports are the standard sources for this information (Warren, 2007). The purpose of the pre-sentence investigation is to have a comprehensive, accurate, and objective report. This report should provide enough information to assist the court in making a fair sentencing decision and assist the corrections community in the management of the offenders under their supervision (Administrative Office of the United States Courts & Office of Probation and Pretrial Services,

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Since the 1940’s, incarceration included three models according to Cole, Smith, and De Jong (2014). Incarceration is based upon the custodial model, the rehabilitation model, and the reintegration model. The custodial model presumes that every inmate is incarcerated because of the idea of deterrence, retribution and incapacitation. Within the model order, discipline, and security are accentuated all throughout incarceration. During the 1950’s, the rehabilitation model was developed to highlight and design treatment programs for offenders.

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Diversion programs have become a prevalent form of justice in the Criminal Justice System. Diversion can be two things; diversion from jail or diversion from the legal system completely. Diversionary programs have been developed in the Criminal Justice System throughout its many levels for a multitude of reasons. Often, they are spurred on by practical concerns including, but not limited to, over-crowded prisons, the high cost of the criminal process, and as an alternative approach to dealing with those suffering from mental illnesses. Diversion may occur both before and after a trial and are aimed at avoiding the trial process (pre-trial) and incarceration (post-trial).

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INTRODUCTION The United States incarcerates a greater percentage of the population than any country in the world (CBS, 2012). According to the US Bureau of Justice Statistics, over 2.3 million adults were incarcerated in federal and state prisons, and county jails in 2013. There are an additional 820,000 people on parole and 3.8 million people on probation (Wagner & Rabuy, 2016) Jail and prison differ primarily in regards to the length of stay for inmates.

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There are many problems, concerns, and issues that revolve around offender reentry within the United States, but there are also a lot a positive thing that can come from an offender being reentered into the community. In recent years, criminal justice professionals have begun looking to the community to act as the vehicle for handling the weaknesses of the criminal justice system. One of the biggest weaknesses with the criminal justice system is offender rehabilitation. Professionals believe that reentry programs should primarily be based on community intervention.

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Intensive Supervision Programs are ineffective at reducing prison overcrowding, reducing correctional spending, expanding the sanctions available for law violators, enhancing public safety, creating a less punitive environment than prison, and lastly promoting the rehabilitation of offenders. ISP’s began to sweep the nation around the 1980’s and 1990’s in order to assist with prison overcrowding and correctional spending. This program was also designed for offenders who deserve more than parole, but not necessarily prison. Many obstacle’s came with the development of Intensive Supervision Programs including how to determine if these programs are effective or not. There are many type of offenders, ranging in multiple ages and committing various crimes.

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The Cox proportional model has shown that “urban residence, childhood and recent abuses, living with a criminal partner, selling drugs, stress, depression, fearfulness, and suicidal thoughts are stronger positive predictors of recidivism and also criminal peer associations, carrying weapons, alcohol abuse, and aggressive feelings” (Benda 325). Physical factors as well as emotional factors play a role in returning. When inside jail these inmates should see a therapist or a doctor a few times a week to talk about problems and how they are going to change when they return back to their regular

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Sentencing and corrections policies should embody fairness, consistency, proportionality and opportunity. Sentences need to be commensurated according to the harm caused; ergo, measuring the effects on the victim, the community, and the rehabilitative needs of the offender. Objectives require balance in selecting correctional options that meet individual offender needs to contribute to crime reduction and prevent recidivism. Policies that affect long-term consequences of criminal convictions, including housing and employment opportunities require careful examination. Additionally sentencing and corrections policies that could adversely or disproportionately affect citizens based on race, income, gender or geography need to be taken into consideration.

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These methods took items that have been shown to increase recidivism, such as drug use, and assigned them a numerical score. Those scores would be added together and that number would assign the offender to the necessary level of supervision. This system was further enhanced in the 1980’s when individual need items were taken into consideration. This new system took the risk factors from the actuarial system and combined them with criminogenic need factors, such as employment and family relationships. Although this system reduced the problems with its predecessors it still was not good enough, so the Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts decided to develop their own,

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Writing Assignment 3 Traditionally, intermediate sanctions are designed for offenders who require a correctional opinion that is more punitive and restrictive than routine probation but less severe than imprisonment. Intermediate sanctions are used for a variety of offenders. Persons accused crimes and released into the community, persons convicted of misdemeanors and felonies directly sentenced to an intermediate sanction, and jail inmates. Unlike probation and parole, it is difficult to accurately determine the number of offenders involved in intermediate sanctions or even the number of intermediate sanctions that exist in different areas. Intermediate sanctions are alternate punishments used to monitor offenders who are neither under

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A therapist ONLY addressing an offender 's mental illness may be problematic because offenders have criminogenic needs that need to be treated in order to reduce criminal behavior. The Risk-Needs-Responsivity (RNR) model of corrections and rehabilitation was designed by Andrews, Honta, and Hoge in 1990. This model has demonstrated the strongest research-support on its ability to explain and treat criminal behavior. Andrews and Bonta have shown that in order to produce a successful rehabilitation program, the program must "respect the individual, have a psychological theory basis, and should work in junction with the enhancement of preventative services". This model reveals the importance of going beyond ONLY addressing an offender 's mental illness and providing treatment relevant to

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This help the Officer make an appropriate recommendation for the Offender. Superior Court and Court of Common

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This model focuses on the individual needs of the offender and in doing so increases their chance of living sober once they reenter society. For example, indeterminate sentencing allows offenders who exhibit good behavior and participate in prison substance abuse programs to be paroled closer to the minimum sentencing term. This means the offender can be released from prison based on conditions set forth by the court. If the offender violates parole by committing another crime or failing to continue substance abuse treatment, they can be returned to prison. Furthermore, offering indeterminate sentencing for offenders who meet the criteria creates prison space thus helping with the ongoing problem of prison overcrowding (Seiter,

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By diverting low level, non-violent offenders from incarceration and into treatment have proven successful in reducing not only the incarceration rate but the recidivism rate as well. For example, individuals with mental illness can be diverted from incarceration to mental health treatment and those with substance abuse issues can also be diverted accordingly. While there are two points that interception can occur: First contact with law enforcement and during initial court proceedings, I will focus on those related to

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Consequently there are only six juvenile prisons remaining for serious juvenile offenders, and there are currently 1,600 juveniles in state facilities in comparison to the federal facilities costing on an average of $250,000 per juvenile offender (Kelly, 2012). Therefore, In the effort to address as well as resolve the problems with both adult and juvenile prison overcrowding, bother programmers as well as researchers believed that correctional facilities obtained the abilities in identifying high risk offenders and allocating appropriate rehabilitative services in accordance to their criminal needs while assessing their potential for recidivism, at which point the Risk-need responsivity (RNR) model was implemented in 1990 as a means of identifying high risk offenders in need of rehabilitative

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