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Reasonably Achievable Equation

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RADIATION PROTECTION Introduction; 4.1. ALARA: “As Low As Reasonably Achievable” The application of radiation can aid the patient by providing doctors and other health care professionals with a medical diagnosis, but the exposure should be responsibly low enough to keep the statistical probability of cancers or sarcomas (stochastic effects ) below an acceptable level, and to eliminate deterministic effects(e.g. skin reddening or cataracts ).An acceptable level of incidence of stochastic effects is considered to be equal for a worker to the risk in another work generally considered to be safe. This policy is based on the principle that any amount of radiation exposure, no matter …show more content…

Using the mass attenuation coefficient instead of the linear attenuation coefficient, the attenuation equation can be rewritten: I=I_0 e^(-μ_m ρx) 4.2.3.3. Half Value Layer The half value layer (HVL) is the thickness of a shielding material required to reduce the intensity of radiation at a point to one half of its original intensity. It can be calculated by setting I = ½ I_0 and solving the attenuation equation for x: 0.5=e^(-μx_(1⁄2) ) x_(1⁄2)=-(ln⁡(0.5))/μ x_(1⁄2)=(0.693)/μ=HVL When the HVL is known rather than µ, the total attenuation from n half value layers can be calculated by using the following equation: I=I_0/2^n HVL for Various Materials when Radiation is from a Gamma Source; HVL, mm(inch) source concrete steel lead tungsten uranium Iridium-192 44.5 (1.75) 12.7 (0.5) 4.8 (0.19) 3.3 (0.13) 2.8

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We then found the maximum wavelength at which each dye displayed the maximum absorbance based on the peaks in each curve. For allura red, this peak occurred at 500 nm. For sunset yellow, this peak occurred at 480 nm. Using our data from the calibration curve (Table 2), we were able to find the extinction coefficient using Beer’s Law. Beer’s Law states .

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Radium causes mutations that can turn into cancer and if used in high doses, it can burn skin off. Nonetheless, it also helped kill cancer cells. In the 1940’s, several studies showed that radium was safer and more effective than surgery for treating invasive cervical cancer. The doctor who discovered radium and supervised Henrietta’s radium treatment, would later die from cancer; possibly due to his regular exposure to

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Too much exposure to ionizing radiation can damage the tissues. Children, young women and fetus are more sensitive to this type of radiation than others (Fahey, 2012). • Maintaining the Highest Level of Safety with NM Workers in nuclear medicine should follow safety rules. While working with radioactive materials, personal protective equipment like gloves, protective eye wear and cloths and in some cases fume hoods must be used. NM procedures must be practiced in special closed places.

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Comparison of three alternative bolus materials to Superflab in providing the maximum dose buildup (Dmax) Many superficial tumors are treated using 6 Megavoltage (MV) photons, but often require a bolus to bring the depth of maximum dose closer to the skin surface. A bolus may also be used to compensate for uneven skin surfaces or irregular contours in the patient. The depth of maximum equilibrium describes the depth in which the maximum dose of the formulated radiation is deposited (Washington & Leaver, 2010). Bolus material should be flexible, pliable, and tissue-equivalent.

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This highlights the variability of natural radiation levels across different regions and the importance of considering this factor in establishing safe dose limits. Despite these elevated levels, nature continues to operate as usual. This consistent pattern

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the 12-day mission was just 0.18 rads, or similar to the radiation dosage from a chest X-ray.” This proves that the amount of radiation they were exposed to at

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The average thickness of the bulrush layer measured 1.6

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Bioethics has four main principle and first principle of bioethics is autonomy which means radiologic technologist must respect the decision of their patients. Patients have right to refuse procedures. Second principle of bioethics is beneficence, which says that radiologic technologist have most promote the welfares of their patients, while maximizing the benefits and minimize harmful effect, for example following the ALARA principle of radiation safety, ALARA stands for As Low As Reasonable Achievable. Radiation is known to cause harmful side effects when is not used properly. Third principle of bioethics is non-maleficence, which prevents radiologic technologist from harming their patients physically and mentally, for example RT(r) cannot share their patient’s information with other people who are not involve in that patient 's care team (ARRT and Tegrity

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Over the years there have been concerns about the effects of workplace radiation on the health and safety of workers. As a result in Australia, as in most developed countries, legislation and regulation has been developed to provide structure and guidelines for the control of radioactive substances, radioactive sources and radiation apparatus. These Acts include procedures to prevent or limit the hazards associated with radiation for the occupational users and the general public. The regulations place requirements on the owners and users of the radioactive sources to be licensed. The licence conditions might include that the radiation sources are secure and that the users have had appropriate and adequate training.

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Since radiation is one of the most difficult challenges we face today when it comes to space exploration. The uncertainty of the differences of space radiation and radiation on earth which creates uncertainty to possible health risks. Because of differences in radiation types it makes shielding very difficult. (Durante and Cucinotta 1245)

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The Chernobyl disaster happened in 1986 had documented many radiation-related fatalities leaving obvious nightmares in history. Due to the negative impacts of radiation, about 550 million people were facing with the major threat of thyroid cancer. Following this scary Chernobyl disaster, we witnessed four nuclear reactors exploded in Japan after the attack of Tsunami in March, 2011 causing nuclear radiation leakage which might as well cause a global concern of the radiation-related

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[3] This pattern is also linked to Equations 1&2 as stated previously. The position of every fourth fringe was recorded giving the value which is required in Equation 3 below. (See Table1 for the recorded data) Knowing the wavelength of sodium to be 589nm the angle, ,at the apex between the two glass plates can be calculated using Equation 3 as

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