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Reconstruction From 1865 To 1877

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The Reconstruction took place from 1865 to 1877, it followed the American Civil War. The reconstructions purpose was to address the inequities of slavery and its political, social, and economic legacy and also to solve the problems arising from the readmission of the Union. Reconstruction created new laws and constitutional amendments that changed the criteria of American citizenship. In the South, a politically mobilized black community joined with white allies to bring the Republican Party to power, and with it a redefinition of the responsibilities of government. The national debate over Reconstruction began during the Civil War. President Abraham Lincoln announced his comprehensive plan for Reconstruction, the Ten Percent Plan. Lincoln’s plan was known as the 10% Plan. It was simple. With a few exceptions, Lincoln offered pardons to any Confederate who swore allegiance to the Union and the Constitution.The …show more content…

Three groups made up Southern Republicanism. Carpetbaggers also are known as recent arrivals from the North, were former Union soldiers, teachers, Freedmen’s Bureau agents, and businessmen. The second large group, scalawags, or native-born white Republicans, included some businessmen and planters, but most were nonslaveholding small farmers from the Southern up-country. Loyal to the Union during the Civil War, they saw the Republican Party as a means of keeping Confederates from regaining power in the South. The political revolution of Reconstruction spawned increasingly violent opposition from white Southerners. White supremacist organizations that committed terrorist acts, such as the Ku Klux Klan, targeted local Republican leaders for beatings or assassination. African Americans who asserted their rights in dealings with white employers, teachers, ministers, and others seeking to assist the former slaves also became

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The Presidential Reconstruction and Congressional Reconstruction plans were frequently different from one another. As I continue, I will state in my opinion the most significant differences between the two plans. To begin, Lincoln and Johnson’s plans were far too lenient with the Confederate states. The Presidential Reconstruction plan under Johnson allowed former Confederate states to be part of the Union, when they accepted the 13th amendment and swore to the Union. While, the Congressional Reconstruction plan was to allow those states to rejoin the Union if and only when they accepted the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments.

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The Varying Policies for Reconstruction and Reunion Following the Southern defeat of the Civil War, President Lincoln had every intention of returning the rebellious states to the Union as quickly and painlessly as possible. During the war, he had already drafted a plan for reconstructing the torn nation, called the Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction. The plan involved returning land and granting pardon to most rebellious citizens (but not the higher Confederate officers and bureaucrats) and for the Southern state governments to handle the newly freed slaves however they chose, so long as they retained their freedom. This proclamation was also called the 10 Percent Plan, as the final policy was the the southern states could return

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For the century following the Civil War, “...the Reconstruction story had been shaped by successive generations of historians who gave Southern propaganda a gloss of historical authority. These scribes villainized the black politicians and the “Radical Republican” lawmakers who pushed Reconstruction-era reforms through Congress. “Carpetbaggers,” as the Northerners who moved south to work in politics and business were portrayed, became known as corrupt bandits rather than as the dedicated idealists that many of them were” (Murphy 56). Because Reconstruction policy was ultimately ineffective in changing Southern institutions, Southern attitudes towards racial and sectional relations remained unchanged as

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The Executive/Presidential Reconstruction included the 1863 Proclamation of Amnesty, the ten-percent plan, the Thirteenth Amendment and the Black Codes. The Legislative/Congressional plan examined conditions in the South to determine if certain states deserved to have representation in Congress. Outcomes included the Freedman’s

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The primary objective of the Reconstruction was to reunite the North and the South; however the South gave backlash to the integration of African Americans into their society. They viewed it as a compromise of their ideology. The reconstruction failed to reunite the nation because of the nation’s differences in opinion towards integration. This proved to be a large enough obstacle for the Reconstruction to not achieve its goals and be deemed ineffective. The era of the Reconstruction was a struggle for integration where legislation promoting persecution of African-Americans, polarizing the nation and increasing tensions in the south.

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President Lincoln, a Republican himself, issued a statement to Congress on December 8th, 1863 when he announced his plans for Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction. President Lincoln was immediately met with resistance on his plan of Reconstruction by Congress, which was controlled by the Radical Republicans who demanded swift and harsh punishment for the South. This is the first demonstration of a divide in Republican approach to Reconstruction. President Lincolns plan was to first integrate Louisiana and Arkansas back into the Union, but Congress felt that the requirements for an ex-confederate state to rejoin were too lenient and opened the door for Confederate ideals to rise again. Congress believed in Reconstruction, but refused to recognize ex-confederate representatives in the attempt to stop the “Presidential Reconstruction’ ideals for taking root and wished to inject their own Radical Republican Reconstruction plans.

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Johnson’s plan consisted of amnesty for for all except former military and civil officers of the confederacy and anyone who owned twenty thousand dollars worth of land, all confederate states had to give up the right to secede from the union, abolish slavery, and repudiate any confederate war debts. Lincoln’s plan was to give amnesty to all areas occupied by union armies, a pardon to all except high ranking confederate official, ratify the thirteenth amendment, and that ten percent of a confederate states population had to swear loyalty to the union. Finally, Congress’ plan for reconstruction was that fifty percent of the population had to swear loyalty to the union, only non-confederates could vote for the new state constitution, the Freedman’s Bureau would be instated, The south would be split into five military zones, and the thirteenth amendment had to be ratified.

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