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Red Brigades And Fascism In Italy

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The fascist state and fascism legacy played a central role also in the Italian left-wing terrorism. Red Brigades (BR) and other terrorists’ groups denounced the Italian state to be a “Multinational Imperialist State”12. Moreover, these groups believed to be the heir of the Resistance, as can be noticed from their names: the term brigades were used in the resistance; Nuclei Armati Proletari (armed proletarian groups, NAP) and Gruppi di Azione Partigiana (partisan action groups, GAP) recall directly the names of resistance groups. Furthermore, in Italy also right-wing terrorism was widely active, acting mostly through crowded places bombing. The right-wing terrorism, the inability (and the low effort) of the government to investigate and prosecute …show more content…

Furthermore, on August 2, 1980, a right-wing bombing attack at the Bologna station took place. The public was horrified and lost his sense of security, thus the state needed to take action. Therefore, the government gave more powers to the armed forces and through the law on pentitismo, the government attracted lots of former terrorist outside the armed struggle and pushed them to collaborate with justice17 18. However, for some other years the BR continued to carry out terrorist attacks against magistrates, politicians, journalists and other symbolic figures. Moreover, Brigades’ original members, from prison, openly criticized the operate of the new members17. During the 1980s the BR and other minor terrorist groups were dismantled. However, in the 2000s the New Red Brigades were formed and carried out some actions, which however lacked the force and the symbolism of the past12 17 …show more content…

Both, the BR and the RAF, referred to the Marxist-Leninist tradition, however, their ideology was based more on the Trotskyian idea of permanent revolution and on the Maoist version of Marxism. Moreover, they praised the Cambodian revolutionary Pol Pot and its idea of society purification from bourgeoisie and capitalism. Furthermore, these urban terrorists wanted to be placed in the world of self-determination fighters, such as Latin American revolutionaries1 7-10. Likewise, these groups looked at Vietnam war as an example to take to fight capitalism and the USA. Finally, there was a strict link between Palestinian freedom-fighters and German and Italian terrorists. The former trained in Jordan together with Palestinians and sponsored “Black September” actions10; the latter were known to have used weapons coming from Palestinians. Other contact points concern the memory of the 2nd World War and the Nazi-fascist past, the idea to fight against an oppressive state governed by the multinationals, and against the USA and the NATO1-3 7 8

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After a terrorist attack of any kind there are always consequences that must be faced. Sometimes the point of the terrorist attacks is because the organization wished to send a message or to influence policy in their favor. However, after the 9/11 attacks administrators realized that the United States was not prepared for a tragedy of this kind and had little to no measures to prevent one, this lead them to create new programs and policies. Terrorist organization’s goal often comes down to one of the following: regime change, territorial change, policy change, social control and status quo maintenance. The main purpose of a terror attack may well be to influence public policy.

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Fascism, and more specifically the kind that was exercised in Germany and Italy in the first half of 20th century, serves as an accurate example to those atrocities. The key, however, to prevent it from happening again, is to understand how it had initially occurred. The rise and events of Italy’s fascist experiment will be explained hereafter. Mussolini and Fascist Party The Italian Parliament did not accomplish much, and its government was reflecting the divided state of the Italian society. For instance, in the course of only three years (1919-1922) and under different affiliations, five different governments were built by the Parliament.

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In 1919, Benito Mussolini described fascism as “A movement that would strike against the backwardness of the right and the destructiveness of the left.” That “Fascism sitting on the right, could also have sat on the mountain of the center… These words in any case do not have a fixed and unchanged: they do have a variable subject to location, time and spirit. We don’t give a damn about these empty terminologies and we despise those who are terrorized by these words.” Fascism came into prominence in the early 20th-century Europe. It originated in Italy during World War I.

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The extreme right position of the Christian Democracy in most of the aspects was occupied by the neo-fascist Italian Social Movement (MSI), formed in 1946. Being one of the strongest in the south of Italy, the MSI party looked back to Mussolini regime, hence, supporting social and economic ultra-conservatism and spending on defense. Actually, it seemed to be unacceptable castaway by the regime

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