While a few theories are not as regular, others have developed and are utilized as a part of numerous criminal reviews today. Cutting edge criminologists consolidate the most important aspects of sociology, psychology, anthropology, and biological theories to advance their comprehension of criminal behavior. Rational choice theory, psychological, biological, and strain theory are used to analyze the
This theory is based on three elements of why the crime occurs: “a motivated offender, suitable target, and lack of guardians” (Burkey, T., 2015). A motived offender is an offender that is committed and capable of committing the crime (Burkey, T., 2015) A suitable target “can be an object or person”, the offender may pick someone or something that is vulnerable and has some kind of award/ benefit towards the offender (Burkey, T., 2015). For example, a robber’s suitable target would be someone who has looks to be rich by what a person is wearing and that is probably coming out a bank because that would give the robber a hint that the person just took out money. Lack of capable of guardians is not having an adult who could stop the offender from committing the crime which can also go to suitable target because this can show vulnerability (Tewksbury, R.,
Within the past couple of decades, criminologists have developed different criminological theories that apply to the social behaviors and decisions of criminals. One of the earliest theories developed regarding criminality is the rational choice theory, in which describes the rationalization of determining if the rewards from committing the crime outweigh the consequences. In Scarver’s case, his decision to engage in criminal activities outweighed the potential consequences, or the other alternatives if he did not engage in such criminal activities. In addition to the rational choice theory, Scarver’s criminality can be related to the social disorganization theory, which describes the influence of one’s social and physical environment on one’s decision to commit a crime. Lastly, the strain theory can be related to Scarver’s criminality as well, as it is used to describe an individual who lacks the means to obtain such goals, and aspirations, so therefore, he or she engages in criminal activities to acquire the goals.
Rational choice and routine activies are macro leveled choices they are different in many ways. Rational choice theory is based off of the fundamental tenets of classical criminology, which hold that people freely choose their behavior and are motivated by the avoidance of pain and the pursuit of pleasure and benefits. Rationa choice provides a micro perspective on why individual offenders decide
The classical theory of crime says that people make rational choices when they commit crimes. “Individuals have the will and rationality to act according to their own will and desires. Individuals will calculate the rationality of the crime based on the benefits of the crime versus the consequences of the crime” (Robinson, 2014). This theory discuses that how people think about the negative and positive outcomes before they commit crime. Even though they realize it is not right, they still continue to commit illegal offence because they believe that what they are doing is for the greater
While routine activities theory itself does not provide direct recommendations or much elaboration on decreasing the number of motivated offenders (Winfree & Abadsinky, 2009), SCP does appeal to the rationality aspect of the theory. By working to make a target more difficult to reach, riskier to pursue, or simply less appealing, the assumption is that a rational motivated offender will decide it is not worth going after that particular target (Brooks, 2020; Frelich & Newman, 2017). SCP interventions that work to decrease the impulses that may lead an individual to offend, such as discouraging imitation through censoring the specifics of certain crimes or repairing the effects of vandalism, or alerting individuals to the consequences of crimes, are also in line with this rationality portion as it displays the risks of crime being legitimate while the benefits are short-lived (Brooks, 2020; Frelich & Newman, 2017). Now, both routine activities theory and SCP fail to account for the potential of crimes committed that are not rationally considered, such as so-called crimes of passion, where interventions and techniques may not be effective in preventing victimization. Nevertheless, SCP does align
It does not consider other factors such as criminal associations, individual traits, and inner strains, which plays a significant role in determining punishment for the individuals in committing crimes. It is observed that this theory endeavours to know that whether the activities of crime as well as the victim’s choice, criminals commit the activities on start from rational decisions. The theory also determines that criminals consider different elements before committing crime. They engage in the exchange of ideas before reaching on any final decision. These elements consist of consequences of their crimes, which include revealing their families to problems or death, chances of being arrested, and others elements, which comprises of placement of surveillance systems (Walsh & Hemmens, 2010; Lichbach,
Situational crime prevention (SCP) and rational choice theory (RCT), together, provide an insightful explanation as to why people commit crimes and what can be done to deter them. Much of the work done in RCT and SCP was founded by Derek Cornish and Ronald V. Clarke, who wanted to understand the decision-making process of potential offenders and focus on the spatial and situational factors that make such crime possible (Farrell and Hodgkinson, 2015). This paper aims to explore SCP and its relationship to RCT, as well as analyze the works of Keith Hayward and Graham Farrell in their discussion of these ideas. This paper has four objectives: first, the paper will discuss SCP and RCT and explain the link between the two concepts. Second, this paper will examine Hayward 's discussion of RCT, SCP, and cultural criminology.
Freilich and Newman (2017) highlight there are three important concepts in SCP and these are rational choice, specificity and opportunity structure. Chamard (2010) states how rationality is the readiness of a choice as seen by the observer which depicts readiness to commit crime and different levels of readiness in different individuals. This readiness is also a consequence of evaluating alternatives by consideration of background and situational factors that answer why. A rational statement may be the decision by a robber to commit robbery with violence rather than get a job. Specificity is how much SCP revolves around crime specific occurrences.
The two most popular sociological theories that offer an explanation as to why certain types of people are more likely to be victims of crimes is the Lifestyle Theory (the belief that certain leisure-time and other activities increase the chances of becoming a crime victim) and the Routine Activities Theory (the view that an individual’s daily activities can affect his or her chances of becoming a crime victim). Although these theories differ slightly in specific application, both theories generally assert that “the habits, lifestyles, and behavioral patterns of potential crime victims enhance their contact with offenders and thereby increase the chances that crimes will occur” (Miethe and Meier 1990:244). Research is supportive of either theory as an explanation of certain people being more likely to be victim
Neoclassical perspectives consist of rational choice theory, deterrence and routines activities theory. All three theories coincide together in that they deem that criminals are normal and make the rational choice to commit crimes after outweighing the risks and consequences. Though the three theories coincided with each other, they differ in other aspects. Rational choice theory assume offenders choose whether to commit crimes after considering the risks and rewards, thus chooses not to commit crimes if the risks outweigh the reward. Gary S. Becker, compared that criminals choose committing a crime as consumers choose buying products.
Rational Choice Theory There are many criminology theories about why individuals commit crimes. Some argue that crime is a learned behavior or even that individuals commit crime because they don’t have the means of achieving things, such as monetary success, so they commit crimes. A great theory as to why individuals commit crime would be rational choice theory, created in the late 1980s. Rational choice theory is a perspective that holds that criminality is the result of conscious choice and that predicts that individuals choose to commit crime when the benefits outweigh the cost of disobeying the law (Schmalleger).
The crimes included are burglary, white collar crime, and murder. Rational Choice Theory Do people think before they commit a crime? This question is answered by the rational choice theory that was proposed to us first as the classical theory
RATIONAL CHOICE THEORY There have many studies of why people commit crime. Research has been performed to try to understand and better help out individuals and society as well to make our streets more safer. In this article, I will be discussing one of the Theories of Crime which is Rational Choice Theory. I will be discussing what is Ration Choice Theory (RCT) ,
The risk-factor approach has the ability to gather important information about whether certain influences in a person’s life could be related to crime or in other words find the correlates to crime (Beaver, K.M., 2017). The approach also has the ability to help prevent crime by determining protective factors (Farrington, D. P., 2000). In turn, both risk and protective factors could become the cornerstones to the development of intervention/prevention programs. However, the risk-factor approach has the potential to help and hinder criminology theorist and criminal justice agencies that utilize this method to prevent crime in adolescents and adults (Beaver, K.M., 2017). “A risk factor is a particular factor that, when present, increases the
