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Sanderson And Huffman's Theory Of Psychological Conditioning

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To best understand the theory discussed in this paper it is important to understand the psychological concepts behind it. Foremost, being the concepts of operant and classical conditioning (CC), which stem from learning and behavioral psychology. CC is most likely the simplest form of psychological conditioning. Whereas operant conditioning (OC) is a bit more complex. Studies show that CC, however, can be used to support the theory presented on how psychological conditioning can lead to addictive behaviors. Not to mention, how these same methods can be used to combat addiction. There is plenty of evidence of previous experiments and observations that have to do with classical conditioning and how it relates to addiction. The focus of this theory …show more content…

Classical conditioning is learning that is developed by a neutral stimulus (NS) paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US) to create a conditioned response (CR). Meaning: that the observer will take something ordinary that does not affect the observed subject and pair it with something that does affect the observed subject. And then repeat the process of pairing these two things until the subject being observed formulates a reaction. This idea originated from a Russian psychologist by the name of Ivan Pavlov (1849-1946). He formulated a test with dogs, where he rang a bell every time he fed them. He noticed that the dogs originally salivated at the sight of their food dish. But after repeatedly ringing a bell before he fed them, he noticed that the sound of the bell itself made them salivate. Because the dogs had associated the ringing of the bell with being fed, when they heard the bell they would immediately start to salivate. In this case the ringing of the bell would be the neutral stimulus (NS), the food would be the unconditioned stimulus (US), and the dogs salivating would be the conditioned response (CR). This test became known as Pavlov’s Dogs, and it is what is most commonly associated with classical

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On July 26, 1948, President Harry Truman signed Executive Order 9981 which ended segregation in the Armed Forces. Executive Order 9981 states “It is hereby declared to be the policy of the President that there shall be equality of treatment and opportunity for all persons in the armed services.” These were the words that granted everyone in the United States Armed Forces equal treatment despite race, color, or creed. This was made possible by civil rights activists, such as Philip Randolph (Lilley). Their valiant efforts led to the end of discrimination in the United States Armed Forces and played a major role in the creation of EO 9981.

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Skinner in 1938.Operant conditioning is a form of learning which explains the relation of behaviors on certain rewards and consequences. The study of the theory only deals with expressible behaviors and not any internal mental thoughts and brain mechanisms. Operant Conditioning works by applying two major concepts, Reinforcements and Punishments, after the behavior is executed, which causes the rate of behavior to increase or decrease. Skinner’s Skinner box experiment with a rat is the base for operant conditioning theory and its concepts. The main principle comprises changing environmental events that are related to a person's behavior.

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It was around this time that Pavlov and Watson stated that the main piece of classical conditioning was the repeated pair of conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus. Robert Rescorla stated instead that maybe is where the conditioned stimulus provides the info that allows the organism to predict the appearance of the unconditioned stimulus. Biological predispositions

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According to Rathus (2015) classical conditioning is basically learning to identify occurrences or events with other events (p. 125). My aversion with seafood and classical conditioning is associated with the smell of seafood. When the aroma of seafood is around, I will immediately breathe out of my mouth, or flee to another space. Chapter Six

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in classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response. b. With few exceptions, conditioning doesn’t happen when the NS follows the US. c.

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Nevertheless, Skinner points out that children learn nothing from the punishment. Instead, they may start to work out how to avoid it (Nolan & Raban, 2015). Another concept is classical conditioning (classical behaviorism) that emphasizes on the relation between stimuli and response. This concept embodies in a famous experiment, in which the food is presented to the dog when the bell rings, and the bell becomes a conditioned stimulus for the dog (Nolan & Raban, 2015). Likewise, if children receive toys in the condition that they behave well, then they will probably repeat this behavior to get the toys.

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Introduction Learning enables you as an individual, to gain more knowledge about something which you have never learned about. Learning also has to do with past experiences which are influenced by behavioural changes (Weiten, 2016). There are different types of ways to learn; through, classical conditioning, operant conditioning and observational learning which will be discussed and analysed in the essay.   Behaviourism Behaviourism is considered one of the main subjects in psychology and the two main people who founded behaviourism were, Burrhus Frederic Skinner, also known as B.F Skinner and Ivan Pavlov who were famous for the work they did on classical and operant conditioning (Moderato & Presti, 2006). According to Moderato and Presti

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Paper 1: BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION Becky Templin Clovis Community College February 17, 2018 Introduction The theory behind behavior modification ethics has a reputation for its accomplishments and disappointments. In addition to this, there are many dangers in using physical punishment as behavior modification with the two primary modifiers of behavior being Classical conditioning and Operant conditioning. The outcome of using negative reinforcement has its share of benefits and downfalls in human behavior whereas; positive reinforcement seems to win over.

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Conclusion Operant conditioning is a theory which was developed by an American psychologist named B.F. Skinner. This theory has been known as a learning process. It applies to four different methods, that consists of positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment and negative punishment. In this case positive is seen as something being added and negative as something being taken away.

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The major key findings that were discovered in this study include the idea that it is possible that after being conditioned to react to a certain stimulus, the subject could possibly begin to generalize different objects that may cause the subject to react the same way towards the generalized stimuli as the subject did to the original stimulus. Another finding is that classical conditioning is something that could potentially have a long lasting effect on someone, especially if the subject formed a generalization to the original stimulus. The researchers felt that because of the lack of experimental evidence provided about the subject before this experiment prompted them to research it

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Watson proposed that the process of classical conditioning (based on Pavlov’s observations) was able to explain all aspects of human psychology. The theory of classical conditioning involves learning a new behavior through a process of association. Meaning that two stimuli are linked together to create a newly learned response. There are three stages of classical conditioning, before conditioning, during conditioning and after conditioning (Mc Leod, 2014). Watson’s theory also involved the conditioning of emotions.

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Link to reality: Both Skinner’s theory of operant conditioning and Pavlov’s theory of classical conditioning can be used every day in an ECCE setting. Today many school systems and childhood authorities follow Skinner’s and Pavlov’s theory by using the approach of positive reinforcement. This encourages good behaviour in the child making the behaviour more likely to be repeated again as they are rewarded and praised for their efforts in reading, writing and general learning. It is important that children’s efforts in a learning setting are rewarded as this will encourage the child to perform to the best of their ability.

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This school of thought suggests that only observable behaviors should be studied, since internal states such as cognitions, emotions and moods are too subjective. There are two major types of conditioning: 1. Classical conditioning is a technique used in behavioral training in which a naturally occurring stimulus is paired with a response. Next, a previously neutral stimulus is paired with the naturally occurring stimulus.

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INTRODUCTION Have you ever thought on how people explain about behaviour? How do we know when learning process has occurred? Learning is permanent change that happened in the way of your behaviour acts, arises from experience one’s had gone through. This kind of learning and experience are beneficial for us to adapt with new environment or surrounding (Surbhi, 2018). The most simple form of learning is conditioning which is divided into two categories which are operant conditioning and classical conditioning.

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