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Second Formulation Of Category Imperative Essay

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As Alan Kay said, {The best way to predict the future is to invent it.}, truthly, inventions are definitely the foundation of revolution of human beings. There have been many inventions helping people's life comfortable with their utility such as light bulb, televisions, etc. These inventions are deserved to be granted for patents. Patents are really important since they helps inventors maintain their ownership of inventions. Therefore, inventors can disclose their designs of inventions without worrying about someone will get their own benefits from those. Patents also help inventors make a lot of money from their inventions in order to give inventors motivation to create more new and fantastic things. Unfortunately, a group of people so called patent trolls take advantages of laws to get money from lawsuits. They find something that is not granted for patents, ask to get patents and then sue companies to get money. Is this thing morally wrong? According to Kantianism theory, the action of patent trolls companies is definitely a good will. Moreover, the Second Formulation of Category Imperative is stated that, {Act so that you always treat both yourself and other people as ends in themselves, and never only as a means to an end.}, no one wants to treat others just to take money from them cruelly. But patent trolls did that. They take …show more content…

Looking at the consequences, there were sixty percent of lawsuits related to patent trolls in 2012 \{Bloomberg}. These lawsuits have cost 500 billion for publicly-traded defendants since 1990 {BusinessInsider}. Moreover, patent trolls uses money that they had from lawsuits to sue more which cause damages to government and people. However, patent trolls have a right to do it since it does not violate laws. So why it is morally wrong? The law is

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People bride other people for seeking the shortcut to wealth and success. In this way, the impartial competition most people are advocating seems to be foolish to them. Once people obtain a little bit of pleasant reward in the competition by dishonest methods, it would no longer be easy for them to resist the temptation of shortcut to approach overwhelming benefits. Honestly, there are lots of people lost in the balance of morality and secular desires. The interaction between the behaviors of human beings and the moral standard in their minds are parallel to the relation between the framework of a house and its empty space.

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Immanuel Kant is a well-known philosopher from the 18th century who argued that reason was essential when determining whether or not something was ethical or not. He also believed we should act rationally, and everyone should wish to do so. Kant viewed morality on the basis of categorical imperatives, which are commands that tell us which ends to pursue. These are rules that we are obligated without regards to whether or not we wish to follow them. The reasons we should follow these rules is because they are founded by moral reasonings.

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Immanuel Kant believed that genuine morality was based on reason, with a catch that is. Kant spent a considerable amount of his life attempting to distinguish human nature apart from animal nature. He concluded that humans possessed the divine trait of reason and through a sense of duty should apply that very same trait in order to become worthy of happiness. In his pursuit to systematically define human morality, Kant, composed the Categorical Imperative. The foundational concept of this work was a stated: Act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law without contradiction.

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The categorical imperative tells us to act in accordance with principles that we will and universal laws. My personal ethical maxim always contains the reasons under which someone acts; in the above examples, the reasons are recuperate, avoid penalties, maintaining a good reputation and respect others. What the categorical imperative does is tell us if our reasons for action are good or bad. The first tell you that we maintain a good reputation is a bad reason to keep promises and do it out of respect for others is a good reason. So, "keeping promises", for example, is not a well formed high because not specify the reasons someone has to act this way.

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The formulation of Kant’s categorical Imperative is the act of your maxim, were a universal law of nature. Kant said that the maxim should be suggested that we think of wills of maxims, or rules for action, and then we judge those maxims in terms of whether everyone could act on them (page 841). Kant says, I should never act except in such a way that I can also will that my maxim should become a universal law (page 841). By which he means we should have a direction for how we should know how to behave in a certain situation. One such maxim can be we should keep our agreement or moral ethical ways when we make them.

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However, the very meaning of the rule given above is contradictory. If people’s lives can be sacrificed for the benefit of humanity, then how can one determine where the line of sacrifice stops? If everybody can be sacrificed and is sacrificed, then what is left of humanity in the end? The basis of all other benefits is life and if a system is arbitrarily sacrificing people’s lives, then there is no way one can say that sacrificing people is for the benefit of humanity. So, the Categorical Imperative has already been broken by the movie, specifically in its use of the system of Pre-Crime.

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First off, allow me to talk about moral skepticism. (scepticism as the author put it) A moral sceptic might be the sort of person who says "All this talk of morality is tripe," who rejects morality and will take no notice of it. (Rachels, 2010, p. 50) There are some people in this world who will take morality and toss it out the window, because to them morality is binding and judgemental to the point to where they think that it will control you. Hypothetical and Categorical imperatives are very interesting in their own unique way.

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Although the Categorical Imperative seems like an ideal way to define morals, it would be hard for it to work in the world of today. I don't think everyone has the luxury of thinking about universal laws and the ultimate purpose of humanity. Like I mentioned in an older module, lots of people are just trying to survive, and adopting an ethical viewpoint such as this is far down on the list of priorities. For example, lets take a look at lying, and assume that since everyone agrees that they wouldn't like being lied to, telling the truth becomes universal law. Now imagine that you find yourself stuck in a group of extremists, and in order to survive, you must cooperate.

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Q.2 How and why does Rachels modify Kants categorical imperative? Are there any problems with this modification? Immanuel Kant uses the categorical imperative as a means of living. Imperative meaning a command and categorical meaning a necessary in itself with reference to nothing else , defines it as something which is mandatory to do or follow in all situations. An example would be if a thief broke into your house and demanded you to tell him where your most prized jewels are, acoording to kant and the categorical imperative, you must tell the thief the truth, you cannot lie as it breaks the moral rule “thou shalt not lie.”

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First, because there is no requirement for information disclosure early in the granting process, the inventors' technology remains protected.' Second, firms cannot use the opposition system to block the grant of competitors' patents.' Challenging a patent is only available after the patent is granted, thus avoiding this problem of pre-grant systems. Third, for some patents, the decision to challenge a patent can change over time. For example, a firm can patent an obvious technology that is not challenged initially because of the small value of the patent.

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