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Segregation In The 1900's: A Historical Analysis

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The elongating fight for a racial, social, and economic equality in America has yet to be fully accomplished. For decades many profound African American integrationist’s such as WEB. Dubois, Fredric Douglas, Booker T. Washington, and Martin Luther King have influenced large bodies of constituents across the American nation to assimilate and elevate with the hopes of truly establishing a state of equilibrium. Yet, this fantasy of social and economic equality has grown to be uncertain, while struggling Blacks remain in an era of hopelessness, caused by the perpetuating system of subjugation and oppression. This enduring state of hopelessness is evident through the systematic makeup which reinforces the condition of second class citizenship upon …show more content…

Housing segregation was and is not a choice for many Americans, rather it is the product of institutional racism. The construction of the urban ghetto in the 1900’s has represented the key institutional arrangement insuring the continuing subordination of blacks in the United States. The migration of blacks to the inner city area, was the retaliation to racism in the south along with the rise of industrialization, causing the migration of whites to the suburban areas. Further, restrictive measures by Federal Housing Association clearly indicated that neighborhoods remain homogeneous. Neighborhood improvement associations prevented blacks from benefiting from the white housing markets in the late 20’s and early 30’s the great depression and post war demand for a work force, further expanded the urban ghetto, while the government promoted white suburbanization. This was the rising tide of racism. When integration initially began, the government enforced redlining, which is a rating procedure devaluing racially integrated neighborhoods. Today, government officials have developed modern form of housing segregation, gentrification. Surveys and interviews geared to testing constituents knowledge on the term, have resulted in an over simplistic view of what gentrification is. Gentrification is more complex than “revitalizing neighborhoods” and “the restoration of classical styled homes”, Gentrification is the process in which higher income and higher economic and social status people relocate to disinvested, low income neighborhoods and promote the capitalization of the property value. In doing so, they inflate property values, dismantles, diminish, and alter cultivating culture, and force previous residents, whom are primarily black, to relocate. The notion of segregation becomes more than clear as one analyzes the Geographic’s of residential areas. Detroit Michigan, for example,

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In this article, “Gentrification”, by Sherman Alexie, the author tells a story about his neighborhood. The authors story was one where he thought he was doing the right thing but yet once he had done it, he did not feel good about it at all. The author shows how there is still racism in America and that can change the way people see things. The author shows this through a personal story that happened awhile back.

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Policies from HOLC and FHA approved of ethnic segregation and created many suburbs that clearly oppose their objective to address the imbalance in the community. Jackson criticizes how these programs “hastened the decay of inner-city neighborhoods by stripping them of much of their middle-class constituency” (206). However, while Jackson helps make sense of the role of the government in the suburban movement, Jackson sees that the process of suburbanization will slow down in the future. As more minorities entered the middle class, the proportion of minorities in the suburb will increase such that the stimulus to “white flight” will drop. In addition, due to limited availability of energy, high cost of land, credit, and

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we still have today and which someone knowledgeable on the situation would call “ghettoization” (Jackson). Massey and Denton’s book, American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass, hits strong on this topic of “residential segregation”. Massey and Denton, both went hand and hand with what Jackson was saying. This is a well organized, well-written and greatly researched book.

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Yet, the horrible conditions of the inner city also pushed out working- and middle class blacks. Postwar black suburbanization coexisted with white flight[ Lewyn, Michael. “Two Types of Black Suburbanization.” January 3, 2016. Accessed August 17, 2016.

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On a normal scale, measuring the association between two subjects, one would assume gentrification and school segregation are not related in any sense. In fact, most would argue that school segregation ended in 1954 with the Brown v. Board of Education. This assumption would be incorrect. Deep within the American society lies a new kind of segregation that is neither talked about nor dealt with. Segregation is a result of gentrification—the buying and renovation of houses in deteriorated neighborhoods by upper-income families or individuals—thus, improving property values but often displacing low-income families.

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Blacks moved into white neighborhoods, thinking the value of their new home would stay the same or increase, as it had previously for whites in the neighborhood. Instead, their neighborhood value declined because they had moved into it. 7. What was the practice of “blockbusting”?

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The initiative challenges the idea of American exceptionalism by critically reviewing the economic, political, and cultural mechanisms that have sustained racial disparity. It reveals the ongoing consequences of colonialism and racial oppression, such as discriminatory policies, wealth inequality, and systematic racism, by emphasizing the experiences and viewpoints of oppressed communities. The 1619 Project seeks to challenge the prevalent historical narrative and open a discussion about colonialism's continued effects on modern-day America. According to one of the project's articles by Matthew Desmond, continuing residential segregation and unequal access to opportunities are the effect of racial discrimination in housing regulations, showing how colonialism and racial injustice still have an impact. The 1619 Project also questions the idea of American development as a linear path, focusing instead on the cycle of history and the deep foundations of inequity.

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Many proponents as well as advocates of gentrification like to use in many regard as code words to back up their claim that gentrification brings “revitalization” “urban renewal” and more importantly “enhances” the community. However, these are what many who are critical of gentrification deem to be “ code words”, because they appear to be ones that exude positivity when they are in fact not expressing the full story of the argument, because underneath this creeping positivity. There still exists this form of stereotyping that minorities, or those from lower socioeconomic means cannot create something that is unique or successful on their own. Furthermore, what existed in their communities before gentrification was one that brought little to no value to society.

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Dr. George E Bardwell, a professor of statistics and mathematics at the University of Denver, had studied park hill housing and school development for many years and prepared a report for the Denver Commission on Community Relations, published in 1966, entitled Park Hill Areas of Denver. In his report he laid out was happening in housing schools, and the gradual segregation in Park Hill and northeast Denver. The real estate practices known as “redlining” and “blockbusting” were at work in these areas of Park Hill. Years earlier In 1948, the Supreme Court ruled that the Fourteenth Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause outlawed the states’ legal enforcement of racially restrictive covenants in state courts.{9} In this event, decades of segregation laws which compelled Black Americans to live in over-crowded and over-priced ghettos created economic pressures to avail black people of housing in racially segregated neighborhoods were annulled. The Fair Housing Act of 1968 established federal causes of action against blockbusting, including illegal real estate broker claims that Blacks and Hispanics, et al. had or were going to move into a neighborhood, and so devalue the properties.

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One of the most famous lines of the Declaration of Independence is that “all men are created equal…”, yet American society does not always treat people as though they are all equal. America’s roots come from the fight against oppression, yet as our country continued to grow we became the oppressors. Although America has tried to write some of its wrongs from the past there are still traces left behind. The effects of segregational laws and sketchy housing practices have carried on to hurt minorities in America. Segregational laws have been eradicated, but the societal sigmas created from the laws continue and have created a process of De Facto segregation in American society against all minorities.

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It defines gentrification as the influx of middle class white residents into cities with large minority populations. This situation is reversing a decade old trend where whites were moving out of urban schools. Local officials are in support of gentrification because it provides an opportunity to racially integrate urban schools. The article suggests that some officials are implementing certain policies with the purpose of making the schools more attractive to gentrifies. It argues that such reforms harm poor and minority

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Even after the Fair Housing Act was passed, informal segregative practices by realtors prevented minority groups from having access to white communities in the north; although San Diego increased in diversity and numbers of minority groups, individuals from different ethnic and racial groups were restricted to a few neighborhoods (Guevarra 2012). Increasing influxes of Hispanics and Latinos in the past few decades have created racial turnovers in many communities that were previously dominated by African Americans ("Feeling a Different Pulse in the Heart of Black San Diego” 2011). After the 1960s, blacks other racial and ethnic minorities also began to spread from the southeastern areas of San Diego that they had previously dominated (Guevarra 2012). This pattern of racial turnover—whites leaving in response to manufacturing industries, influxes of blacks, and influxes of other (predominantly Hispanic) minority groups—is characteristic of many southern neighborhoods. Blacks and Latinos remain in these historically-segregated neighborhoods.

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Wealth is one of the factors why residential segregation is an increasing problem. Golash- Boza explains, “Residential segregation happened when different groups of people are sorted into discount neighborhoods” (271). It is because of housing segregation

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502 Words | 3 Pages

Gentrification is the process of renovating and improving a house or district so that it conforms to middle-class taste. Real Estate investors usually take low-income places that they feel have a chance to prosper economically, and turn them into areas that attract the middle and upper class workers. In doing so they feel like the low-income areas will be safer and more appealing, attracting more people to visit and live there. An improvement to a poor district sounds beautiful, but is gentrification as great as it’s sought out to be? Many residents have their doubts about gentrification due to the idea that the costs of their living will go up and they will be driven out of their neighborhoods.

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One factor comes from the result of an expanding higher educations system between 1945 and 1970. A time where whites were able to achieve higher education that ultimately helped them move up in social class while depriving those of color with the same opportunity (Kelsey, 10/05/15). Another aspect that may have kept these two communities segregated was redlining. Through “redlining,” cities were divided into districts of Black/Latino/Asian neighborhoods that were “redlined” as “economically unsound” areas for investment and the residents could not get housing loans making it harder to pay off their mortgages (Kelsey, 9/28/15). Lastly, “restrictive covenants,” prohibited the sale of hosing to people of color in the suburbs (Fischer et al. 1996).

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