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Sensory Processing Disorders: A Literature Review

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For the sake of this literature review as it pertains to my current clinical interest I have adapted my initial week one hypothesis as you see below. I hope you enjoy reading! Research shows a high prevalence of traumatic brain injury (TBI), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and substance abuse (behavioral health) disorders amongst U.S. veterans. Several studies clarify the symptomatic relationship between these groups to further support the best decision in clinical treatment for this population. Sensory processing deficits are evident amongst individuals with mild TBI and co-occurring PTSD, and depression, which contributes to limitations in functional abilities. A sensory modulation program, including mindfulness groups, …show more content…

In a research article by Sours, George, Shuo, Roys, & Gullapalli (2015), the functional connectivity and metabolic integrity of the thalamus was measured post-acute civilian TBI to determine the severity of post concussive symptoms. The hypothesis is supported by the idea that axonal and shearing injuries caused during a TBI alters functional communication with neural circuits including in the brains relay center for sensory information, the thalamus. The sample consisted of 77 mTBI patients recruited from a trauma center at the University of Maryland. Inclusion criteria included a loss of conscious and/or amnesia or facial trauma consistent with TBI. Measurements included the Mini Mental State Exam, the Military Acute Concussion Evaluatin, and the Modified Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptoms …show more content…

This next study by Sours, George, Zhuo, Roys, Gullapalli (2015) highlights how the overlap of disorders can worsen the primary diagnosis. Researchers use this study to portray how, clinically, patients can be approached regarding their symptom reporting. This was a retrospective chart review of 402 veterans in a span of two years, with an ultimate inclusion of 287 who had mental health screenings for PTSD, depression, and alcohol abuse. Those veterans having reported positive TBI characteristics presented with symptoms significant in irritability, sleep difficulties, and headaches. Veterans screening positive for PTSD showed symptoms with effect sizes larger in cognition and affect. Similarly, veterans screened for depression showed greater effect sizes in symptoms related to cognition and affect. Alcoholism was not significantly associated with post-concussion symptoms. Conversely, those veterans who did not report co-occurring disorders resulted in lower scores in the domains of somatic, sensory, cognitive, and affective symptoms. It is clear that the presence of one or more of the co-occurring conditions increases symptoms related to a TBI. Authors follow-up with a case study highlighting the functional deficits inherent in an individual with the mentioned

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The author explains that it is “a condition that can develop after you have gone through a life-threatening event” (Daniels and Steineke) Some of the symptoms include: depression, self-blame, guilt, and shame, anger or aggressive behavior, and alcohol/drug abuse. As elucidated to by the authors, those who suffer from PTSD “may try to avoid people and places that remind [them] of the trauma” (Daniels and Steineke). They will also feel numb, startle easily, and always be on guard. Veterans will blame themselves for what may be traumatizing them, and become hooked on drugs and alcohol in order to cope with their problems.

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A concussion is a type of traumatic brain injury (TBI) that is often caused by a blow to the head or when the head and upper body are violently shaken (Edwards & Bodle, 2014). According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), it is estimated that about 75% of the 1.7 million TBIs that occur annually in the United States are mild TBIs or concussions. The number of emergency department visits for sports and recreation-related concussion has significantly increased by 60% over the past decade. The effects of concussions can be divided into short term, mid-term, and long-term. The short term consequences include various neurologic and cognitive symptoms, but are typically self-limited and resolved with plentiful rest.

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In the United States, serving in the military is seen as a model of true patriotism, and rightfully so. Service members train for 10 weeks in their transition from civilian to a soldier. They train to be able to endure all the hardships that may come their way. Service members have to be in the best physical shape to serve and because of all that they do, they are thought of as brave and selfless people. Service members make extreme sacrifices to defend our country and act selflessly by doing so; it is fitting that they are seen as heroes by many Americans.

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