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Effectiveness Of Situational Crime Prevention
Effectiveness Of Situational Crime Prevention
Effectiveness Of Situational Crime Prevention
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Risk/need/ responsivity and criminogenic needs is a model developed to create intervention programs for offenders. The risk level is based on the risk factors that contribute to an offender who can possibly re-offend. For high risk offenders an intensive intervention treatment would be put in place to lower the risk or to completely eliminate the risk altogether. Low risk offenders in most case will not get any treatment because the risk level to re-offend is very low, but resource will always be available if needed per request. In Sally’s’ case; her criminogenic needs would be to first address the fact that her boyfriend is an abuser that is struggling financially with her and often encourages her to drink, she has no family or community
Within the past couple of decades, criminologists have developed different criminological theories that apply to the social behaviors and decisions of criminals. One of the earliest theories developed regarding criminality is the rational choice theory, in which describes the rationalization of determining if the rewards from committing the crime outweigh the consequences. In Scarver’s case, his decision to engage in criminal activities outweighed the potential consequences, or the other alternatives if he did not engage in such criminal activities. In addition to the rational choice theory, Scarver’s criminality can be related to the social disorganization theory, which describes the influence of one’s social and physical environment on one’s decision to commit a crime. Lastly, the strain theory can be related to Scarver’s criminality as well, as it is used to describe an individual who lacks the means to obtain such goals, and aspirations, so therefore, he or she engages in criminal activities to acquire the goals.
The deterrence theory suggests that “the severity of criminal sanctions dissuades other potential offenders from committing crimes out of fear of punishment. ”4 That is applicable to the individuals that are punished and to people in the community. Nevertheless, prison’s effectiveness is often questioned as an effective deterrent to crime. Studies have shown that longer sentences have a small effect on whether offenders commit crimes or not, and the National Academy of Sciences determined that “insufficient evidence exists to justify predicating policy choices on the general assumption that harsher punishments yield measurable deterrent effects.
Situational crime prevention (SCP) and rational choice theory (RCT), together, provide an insightful explanation as to why people commit crimes and what can be done to deter them. Much of the work done in RCT and SCP was founded by Derek Cornish and Ronald V. Clarke, who wanted to understand the decision-making process of potential offenders and focus on the spatial and situational factors that make such crime possible (Farrell and Hodgkinson, 2015). This paper aims to explore SCP and its relationship to RCT, as well as analyze the works of Keith Hayward and Graham Farrell in their discussion of these ideas. This paper has four objectives: first, the paper will discuss SCP and RCT and explain the link between the two concepts. Second, this paper will examine Hayward 's discussion of RCT, SCP, and cultural criminology.
In order to reduce the crime rate and the fear of crime in all the communities of Milwaukee, WI I would use a combination of strategies. Those strategies being CompStat and the broken windows/order maintenance policing. I feel that both of these approaches will work perfectly together and not only would they decrease the crime rate but get the community to feel safer and also develop a better relationship between the police officers and the citizens. Starting with the CompStat strategy approach will bring more attention to the communities that need more policing where the crime has been happening the most. With CompStat the focus on different goals those being timely, accurate intelligence, rapid response, effective tactics, and relentless
Crime specific strategies are targeted strategies, targeted specific offense committed by specific types of offenders at specific times and place (Hoover, L. 2014). New York City introduces a crime specific strategy by using random patrol in the early days, and it produce positive results. A crime specific strategy entails a combination of match between targeting and tactics (Hoover, L. 2014). There are different ways to be effective in reducing crime such as planning, monitoring, contemplative, being proactive and continuously too modified. While being proactive in doing investigation will help to reduce crime by leading to more arrests being made.
In England, the English police service has committed to the prevention of crime for a number of years and has offered a specialist training in the crime prevention at Staffordshire. The police have been experimenting with all of the strategies in order to enhance the role of crime-prevention. As an example the officers of crime-prevention that are found on every police force. In the addition, to emphasize the involvement of the community in the prevention of crime, the specialists must also convince their colleagues of that prevention of the crime and that is the responsibility of all the officers. There is one method of indoctrinating all of the officers to the prevention of crimes that is to the Orient to the tutor constables to the work of the prevention of the crime.
The topic for this research proposal project is on community policing, and the factors that are involved in determining if relationships between law enforcement and citizens in these neighborhoods are strained. In order to be successful, community policing must be built on trust, as both civilians and law enforcement must work hand in hand to protect their communities. If there is a lack of trust, then these programs becomes broken, and can therefore lead to other violence and criminal acts. This research proposal project will focus on minority based communities and citizens, where the majority of the citizens are either African American or Hispanic.
Laws have been passed in places like Florida to deter criminals at committing crimes. Three Strikes law, if they are a habitual offender once they get three strikes they are subject to longer and tougher prison time. Still not enough to deter crime. The question that still remains my critics, and by many citizens is, what is the most effective way to prevent crime and issue
Unlike facts proved by science, crime is a socially constructed idea and its definition is unclear. The images of thieves or other criminals are not existing in the beginning but are developed as time passes. It makes crime like a daily life ’myth’ (Hillyard & Tombs, 2007). Also, the same kind of crime can be done under very different situations with contrasting reasons but often the crime is treated with same type of punishment under the criminal justice system. The standard form of response given by the system causes inefficiency in dealing with several acts which are all labelled with the name “crime” (Hillyard & Tombs, 2007).
Hayward argued, “despite considerable success in combating certain forms of economic/acquisitive criminality, much of this Rational Choice Theory inspired Situational Crime Prevention lacks reflexivity.” (Hayward, 2007) Hayward criticizes how Rational Choice Theory emerges from the discipline and behavioural psychology, he believes that Rational Choice Theory may not be the best theory and believes that people should use Cultural Criminology, a theory where crimes are in the context of culture. “Cultural Criminology points to the subjective experiences and highly textured socio-cultural situations behind all crimes.” (Hayward, 2007)
Situational crime began to pick up acknowledgment in late 1940. “The development of situational prevention was stimulated by the results of work on correctional treatments undertaken in the 1960s and 1970s by the Home Office Research Unit, the British government 's criminological research department.” (Clarke and Cornish, 1983) Crime prevention can be successful in two ways: by changing the offender 's temperament and also by reducing their opportunities. Many companies can prevent crime by adding certain things to their properties.
They suggest in altering strains, to make them less conducive to committing crime and or possibly remove individuals from strains. "It is also possible to reduce exposure to strains by working with individuals. Equipping them with the skills and resources or teaching them on interpreting the social environment, in ways that minimize violence. Finally, we can control crime by reducing their exposure to situations conducive to crime."
This essay will discuss crime as both a social problem and a sociological problem. Crime is seen as a typical function of society. Crime doesn’t happen without society. It is created and determined by the surrounding society. According to the CSO, the number of dangerous and negligent acts committed between the years of 2008 and 2012 rose from 238’000 in 2008 to 257’000 in 2012.
In accomplishing this mission, prevention is the first imperative of justice. Crime prevention, however, is a multi-sectoral, multi-disciplinary, and integrated endeavour. The term National Security must be viewed in its broadest context in that it is more than just dealing with military threats. It must be viewed as safety from chronic threats and protection from sudden disruptions in the patterns of daily life.
