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Songbirds To Illustrate The Role Of Vocal Development In Children

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In this study conducted by Goldstein et al, experimenters used birdsong in songbirds to illustrate the development of speech in humans due to their similarities. This study challenged the traditional viewpoint of human vocal development that proposed learning to talk is an outcome caused by the maturation of infants. The study suggested that maturation perspective might be too narrow as it placed too much emphasis on internal causes and implied that infants could only play an inactive role in terms of speech development. The aim of the study was to find out if the actions of the caregivers affected the vocal development of infants. Specifically, this research wants to find out if social contingency offer opportunities for infants to learn vocalization and if infants can learn from caregiver’s reactions to their sounds. …show more content…

The infants were randomly assigned to either the contingent condition (CC) or the yoked condition (YC). There were a total of 3 sessions. During these sessions, the experimenters recorded the frequency of vocalization that mothers responded to, total number of infant vocalizations, and some infraphonological parameters of the infant’s sounds. The experimenters placed infants in both conditions into two 30 minutes play session and observed both the mother and infant. The first session aided the mothers and infants to familiarize with the environment. In the second session, the experimenters controlled the contingency between mother’s responsiveness as they recorded infant’s vocal production. For example, in the CC scenario, half of the mothers had to react immediately when their infants vocalized while in the YC scenario, mothers only responded when the experimenter told them to do

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In the story “Birdsong” written by, “Adichie’s the relationship between the narrator and her lover is complicated because in the beginning of the story it talks about how the narrator is very interest in her lover and the lover who also made it seem as interest as she was. The lover made the narrator feel different and told her things that she has not heard before. The narrator felt like she found everything she wanted in a man. Until she realize that a lot of things they were doing was repeated over and over again. The behavior of the lover change the narrator seen things like when they went out to eat and her lover would never introduce her to anyone around him.

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The production vocal learning is that of learning to produce new sounds vocally from learned experience. The usage vocal learning is that of learning to use already known vocalizations in new ways or using innate vocalizations. The auditory learning is that of learning to understand, but not produce it, a new vocalization and react in accordance to experience with the sound. Different studies of non-human primates over the years have shown proof that some non-human primates are capable of all three types of learning with language, but to what depths the ability to learn goes has not been completely researched. Petkov and Jarvis (2012) believe that a portion of research in this area is questionable because of conflicting results across different studies, but that if research studies are replicated that this might show more true results in the future.

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