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Succinate Dehydrogenase Lab Report

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We hypothesize that oxaloacetate will decrease the activity of succinate dehydrogenase and render it inactive, by preventing the enzyme from initiating redox reactions of succinate to fumarate and FAD to FADH2, which will prohibit any donated electrons from moving onto the electron transport chain to produce ATP. The enzyme, succinate dehydrogenase, also called succinate-coenzyme Q reductase (SQR) or respiratory Complex II, is found in the inner mitochondrial membrane of the mitochondria. Succinate dehydrogenase is divided into four subunits called subunit A, subunit B, subunit C, and subunit D. Succinate dehydrogenase is essential in the process of cellular respiration. The enzyme also plays a large role in the citric acid cycle, known as the Krebs Cycle and the electron transport chain. In the sixth step of the citric acid cycle, the redox reaction of succinate to fumarate is catalyzed by succinate dehydrogenase. When succinate is oxidized, an electron is lost, resulting in fumarate. Succinate dehydrogenase transfers the remaining …show more content…

It is an intermediate of the Kreb's cycle and is found prior to the formation of pyruvate by pyruvate carboxylase and immediately after the NAD+-consuming conversion from L-malate by malate dehydrogenase. Oxaloacetate is first condensed with Acetyl CoA to form citrate in the first reaction of the Krebs Cycle. The Krebs Cycle is a series of reactions that form electron carriers to be used in the electron transport chain to produce ATP, the main energy source for all cellular functions. The citric acid produced during this cycle is a tricarboxylic acid, containing three carboxyl groups. After the citrate has been formed, it goes through another series of reactions, producing isocitrate a-ketoglutarate, succinyl coenzyme A, succinate, fumarate, malate, and oxaloacetate. The oxaloacetate will react with another Acetyl CoA and the cycle will continue ("Krebs

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A negative tube showed no growth5. The citrate test identified a functional citric acid cycle in which facultative anaerobes utilized. Ingredients in the medium included: 1) A indicator dye called Bromthymol blue, which turned green when acids were present5 2) A nitrogen source, ammonium salts in order to test the ability of an organism to use a single specific carbon source5 SIM MEDIA This procedure began with

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In this process NADH become NAD+.

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Acetyl CoA combines with oxaloacetate to form a molecule with six carbon atoms. This

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2b. The Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) takes place in the mitochondria of the cell where pyruvic acid from glycolysis diffuses into the mitochondria. Before pyruvic acid can enter the citric acid cycle it must be converted into acetyl CoA. Once acetyl CoA enters the citric acid cycle it starts a series of redox reactions to continue the cellular respiration process to produce energy. One molecule of ATP gets produced along with one molecule of FADH2 and three molecules of NADH

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This process occurs when pyruvic acid donates its high energy electrons to NAD+, which forms NADH. While no ATP energy is produced during this step, shuttling acetyl-CoA and the high energy electrons attached to NADH into the mitochondrion sets the stage for the third step of cellular respiration. The Krebs cycle, utilizes enzymes to harvest and transform the stored energy in acetyl-CoA into additional NADH and FADH2 molecules. As the Krebs cycle churns to break down carbon and produce more high energy electrons for NADH and FADH2 molecules to transport, it also generates 2 ATP energy molecules. Nonetheless, most of the energy generated during this step of cellular respiration will be produced by the NADH and FADH2 molecules once the complete the fourth and final step of cellular

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The stomata are the most critical piece to this process, as this is where CO2 enters and can be stored, and where water and O2 exit. Cellular respiration also known as oxidative metabolism is important to convert biochemical energy from nutrients in the cells of living organisms to useful energy known as adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Without cellular respiration living organisms would not be able to sustain life. This process is done by cells exchanging gases within its surroundings to create adenosine triphosphate commonly known as ADT, which is used by the cells as a source of energy. This process is done through numerous reactions; an example is metabolic pathway.

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Once in the mitochondria, namely in the matrix, mitochondrial LDH catalyses the conversion of lactate back to pyruvate. The pyruvate is oxidized through the PDH (pyruvate dehydrogenase) reaction to acetyl-CoA. The acetyl-CoA would then continue through the TCA cycle so as to provide energy. (Kowalchuk JM et al,

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The pyruvate molecules then move into the mitochondria where it releases a carboxyl group, and carbon dioxide is dispersed into the medium of the mitochodria. The NAD+ then turns into NADH and the acetyl is transformed into acetyl CoA. The citric acid cycle begins the combination of acetyl CoA with oxaloacetate which creates citric acid. The acid is then oxidized and releases 2 carbon dioxide

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In this reaction no ATP is needed nor is any produced. What happens next is the formation of a Citrate molecule. Citrate Synthase is achieved by the loss of the CoA group form the Acetyl. In the second event Aconitase, the Citrate molecule in conjunction with the enzyme Aconitase forms Isocitrate (Frantz, 2008 pg.10). This enzyme with its oxidation sensitive iron sulfate cluster works to pull off a proton that is used to form an electrochemical gradient for later use in cellular respiration.

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Acetyl CoA has a way of feeding itd group in the citric acid cycle and then it is able to go through oxidation. Cytochromes are proteins that is mainly left over between ubiquinone and oxygen. A lot of what is in the inner membrane of the mitochondria are a lot of copies of a protein known as ATP Synthase. This is what usually will make ATP to ADP, and is a enzyme.

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Cellular respiration is the process that allows organisms such as humans to use the energy in the form of ATP. It begins with glycolysis which is where glucose is broken down into two pyruvic acids. In this reaction 4ATP is made and NAD+ is made into NADH. However, it takes 2ATP to begin, so only 2 out of the 4ATP made is gained. Next, in the Krebs Cycle, the products of glycolysis are taken and made into another 2ATP.

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Acetyl CoA+3NAD+FAD+ADP+HP04-2 2CO2+CoA+3NADH+ +FADH+

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After Glycolysis, it’s the Pyruvate Oxidation, which the pyruvate from Glycolysis mixes into a mitochondrial matrix which is the middle of the mitochondria. Overall, it is converted into a molecule that bonds with Coenzyme A, it is named acetyl CoA.It produces NADH and releases one carbon dioxide molecule during the process. Next is the Citric acid cycle, four-carbon molecules combine with the acetyl CoA and the reaction goes through. ATP, NADH, and FADH2 are produced, and CO2 is released. Also in eukaryotes, the citric acid cycle takes place of the matrix in the mitochondria.

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This process uses glucose that is obtained from other organisms that is then broken down into carbon dioxide, water and energy. The chemical equation for aerobic respiration is as follows: C_6 H_12 O_6 +6O_2→6CO_2

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The next part is the Kreb’s cycle which finishes breaking down all of the bonds in glucose to release the electrons and create ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation. Substrate-level is process that consists of binding a phosphate group to an intermediate and then breaking that bond in order for it to bind to ADP, which will then create ATP. CO2 is released through this process. NADH and FADH2, which are electron carriers, take the electrons from the broken bonds in the broken up glucose and transport them to the electron transport chain which pumps H+ ions out of the inner matrix and then moves the electrons along until they bond with oxygen which then forms water. Oxygen is imperative to this step.

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