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Taking A Look At Nowak's Five Rules Of Evolution

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When evolution is mentioned, people ponder about how an organism’s genome or phenotype has been altered in the span of thousands, if not millions of years. These alterations rely on the modification and adaption of species in their environment, however, based on a study by Nowak, “Five Rules for the Evolution”, the idea of evolution has expanded to parameters such as culture and cooperation. This study interprets this type of evolution in five conditions, “kin selection, direct reciprocity, indirect reciprocity, network reciprocity, and group selection” (Nowak, 2006). Each condition is a different approach for how a cooperator acts to help the benefited or how a defector avoids helping, i.e. based upon genetic relatedness, the probability of reoccurring encounters, social acquaintanceship, number of neighbors, and competition between cliques. These conditions construct new levels of organization and establishments of a benefit-to-cost ratio. Darwin recognized that all the evolution of cooperation can be easily explained in the behavior of social insect colonies, (Dugatkin, 1997). Social insect colonies, such as ant societies, shows how a kin selection of all sister ants cooperates altruistically with each other due to their genetic similarity, which is 75% similar. The more complex the organism, a trend of …show more content…

Overall, the matrix infers that cooperators dominate the majority of all dynamics and evolution of cooperation. However, defectors can counteract cooperators when the evolution of cooperation does not provide a mechanism. In other words, defectors can consume cooperators by understanding that civilization that cooperates together lead to the advancement of lifestyle and those who do not cooperate, defect in adjusting in modern time, also known as the evolutionary game theory, (Maynard,

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