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Teloomerase Research Paper

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Telomerase
Telomerase is a specialised ribonucleoprotein reverse transcriptase enzyme[1]. It carries its own RNA molecule. Telomerase is functional at the tips of chromosomes in areas known as telomeres. The main function of telomerase is to extend the 3' ends of DNA strands by adding 'TTAGGG' repeat sequences as it is not possible for DNA polymerase to replicate 3' ends. Elizabeth Blackburn (molecular biologist, co-discoverer of telomerase and co-winner of the 2009 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine) compared telomeres to the tips of the shoelaces which help to prevent fraying[2]. Telomeres function to protect DNA from molecular attack as well as preventing strands of genetic material from 'sticking' to the DNA strand[3]. Telomerase is …show more content…

Telomerase is a unique enzyme as in addition to having DNA polymerase activity, it also contains an RNA sequence template which is complementarity to the repeating telomeric sequence. It consists of various RNA subunits including TP1, TP2 and TERT. TERT is a catalytic subunit that is homologous to reverse transcriptase. Its 'fingers' and thumb' pull the telomerase RNA and telomere DNA strands to the active site- the 'palm' where the telomere is elongated[4]. Unlike other polymerases, TERT also includes an amino-terminous which binds telomerase …show more content…

They showed that the ends of chromosomes are protected by telomeres and telomerase. Jack Szostak studied yeast cells and saw that their linear chromosomes were rapidly degraded. Coupled Blankburn's study of telomeres in Tetrahymena, they decided to couple yeast minichromosomes and Tetrahymena telomeres to see if the telomeres could prevent chromosome degreadation. The experimental outline is shown below in Figure 4. They proved their hypothesis and showed that telomeres and telomerase are capable of protecting

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Elizabeth Blackburn The work of Elizabeth Blackburn concerns the performance and production of telomeres, which are the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes. Telomerase specifies the sequence of telomeric DNA by using a short sequence of the telomerase RNA moiety as the guide for DNA synthesis. Therefore, telomeric DNA is a vital chromosomal component which is unusual as it is made by copying an RNA sequence; which is an extremely specialised, distinctive mechanism.

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The selected paper is purposed by Roger A. Browse and Scott A. Little titled “The Effectiveness of Real-Time Graphic Simulation in Telerobotics”. The objective of the experiment is to test the effectiveness and performance of the real time graphic simulation in teleoperational robotic systems (telerobots) by having perspective control of simulation. Effectiveness of the telerobotics also has been compared by using different display methods. The method used in this experiment was displayed an animation sequence of the robot moving the gripper toward a block placed in the scene. Collision between the gripper and the block were predicted.

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They are composed of a long double stranded (kilobases). The double strand telomere sequence are linked to specific place on the DNA (telomeric repeat binding factor 1- TRF1, and telomeric repeat binding factor 2 – TRF2). The TRF2 is very important for protection and the loop conformation.

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Telomeres are repeated sequences of bases at the ends of DNA strands (1) and are like the ends of shoelaces ‘because they keep chromosome ends from fraying and sticking to each other’

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Introduction Telomeres are the ends of chromosomes that consist of tandem repeats of DNA sequences, with the length varying in various species. (Wong et al., 2008). The specific role of telomeres is to protect and guard the chromosomal ends from being damaged, and so if they become too short they lose their protective nature and leave the chromosomal ends exposed to damage (Wong et al. 2008). Types of damage that can be done to telomeres include degradation, recombination, as well as activities that repair DNA and may shorten the telomeres (Samper et al., 2001). The enzyme telomerase lengthens chromosome ends and restores length of the telomeres (Marion et al., 2009).

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A group of 3 nucleotides is called codons. Each codon on the mRNA molecule matches a corresponding anti-codon on the base of a tRNA molecule. The tRNA anti-codon attaches to the mRNA codon. Then, the larger subunit of the ribosome disconnects an amino acid from a corresponding tRNA molecule and adds it to the growing protein chain. When the mRNA is completely decoded a protein is made

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