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Eukaryotic Cell Organelles

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Recommended: Similarities and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Eukaryotic cells are quite distinct containing nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments. The nucleus is a membrane-enclosed organelle that is surrounded by a nuclear envelope (NE). In the cells a lot of transportation occurs. One of the reasons is that nuclear proteins are synthesised in the cytoplasm, but are needed in the nucleus. Another reason is that to be able to synthesize the proteins that are required for the cell, the different RNA species located in the nucleus are needed in the cytoplasm (6).
The nucleus is only able to import and export molecules through signal-dependent transport and through passive diffusion via nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) that are situated on the nuclear envelope. An aqueous channel is created by each NPC that …show more content…

It has three layers that are composed of the fibrillar center (FC), the dense fibrillar component (DFC) and the granular component (GC). The nucleolus is a non-membrane bound organelle and found in the nucleoplasm. Though it lacks a membrane, one cannot assume that the diffusion rate to each layer is equal. Its function is to transcribe rDNA, remove introns from pre-rRNA and modify an rRNA with the assistance of ribosomal proteins. The modifications made on the rRNA are executed by small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) complexes which consist of small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) and nucleolar proteins. The snoRNAs are part of the splicing but they are also responsible for the structure of the mature rRNA …show more content…

Retroviruses have the ability to replicate in host cells by reverse transcription. HIV consists of 6 novel genes and 3 common genes for all retroviruses. The gene of interest is rev which encodes a 116-amino acid regulatory protein; HIV-1 Rev protein. Its function is to regulate HIV-1 structural protein expression, typically gag and env proteins. The Rev protein is found in the nuclei of infected cells, though it interacts mostly with the nucleoli (16, 17).
The Rev protein regulates the export of unspliced and partially spliced HIV-1 RNA species. This is achieved by binding to the Rev Response Element (RRE) on the unspliced mRNA species and transports it out to the cytoplasm. However, the RNA-Rev protein complex uses a different nuclear export pathway than the fully spliced mRNA. The spliced versions of the HIV-1 mRNA species do not contain the RRE, and are therefore not dependent of the Rev protein (18,

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Nucleolus- the nucleolus synthesizes ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Afterwards, these are put together with the proteins produced in the cytoplasm to create ribosomal units. 3. Nuclear Envelope-

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rRNA forms a part of both subunits on a ribosome, in which proteins are assembled. tRNA take amino acids to the ribosome and matches them to the coded mRNA message. 1c. Infer: Why is it important for a single gene to be able to produce hundreds or thousands of

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If certain proteins in this case Rif1 were localised at these origins at the time when replication is occurring perhaps then they could be involved in determining where and when replication occurs, this is why deciphering the localisation is key in both papers. The localisation was established in two different ways. Rif1 was found to be bound to the insoluble nuclear structures in

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INTRODUCTION: Efavirenz5 (S)-6chloro(cyclopropylethylethynyl-1,4-(trifluoromethyl)-2H-1-benzoxazin-2-one) non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) and is used as part of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Emtricitabine5 is chemically 4-amino-5-fluoro-1-[(2R,5S)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl]-2-(1H)-pyrimidon a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI). The drug works by inhibiting reverse transcriptase, the enzyme that copies HIV RNA into new viral DNA. Tenofovir5 is [{1R)-2-(6-amino-9Hupurin-9-yl-1-methylethoxy} methyl] phosphonic acid.

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The nucleus is the center of the cell, therefore, it directs all cell activities, contains genetic material (DNA), and the nucleus is also separated from the cytoplasm by the nuclear membrane. The nucleus is similar to a computer keyboard. The keyboard is used to enter data, generate commands and enter shortcuts such as copying, pasting, and deleting items. The mitochondria is a rod shaped organelle.

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DNA Strand: Unlike DNA replication where both strands are replicated only one strand is transcribed, transcription also occurs in the 5'-3- direction. The strand that is transcribed is known as the template strand, the anti-sense strand or the non-coding strand. The DNA strand that isn't transcribed will however be the same as the newly synthesized RNA strand (except it will have Uracil instead of Thymine). For this reason the non-template DNA strand is often called the coding strand or sense strand. As both strands can be transcribed separately, each strand contains different sets of genes.

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4. In order to determine if the nuclear localization signal will cause the cytosolic protein and any other proteins to move into the nucleus, there are experiments that can demonstrate this. 1. One such experiment includes the use of green fluorescent proteins. By fluorescently tagging the proteins, we can observe the proteins that are traveling to the nucleus.

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The nuclear envelope also dissolves

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Somatic cell nuclear transfer involves the transfer of a nucleus from the donor cell to an egg from which the nucleus has been removed or; to a cell from a blastocyst from which the nucleus has been removed. If the egg continues to divide normally, it will then be transferred

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To understand (Peter Daempfle, 2001) the consequences of loss of tRNA we have to understand their function. The first is that the tRNA is responsible for the translation of nucleic acids and nucleotides into proteins or amino acids. Hence the lack of tRNA would be costly as the translation would not occur. The tRNA is responsible for bringing the amino acids to the ribosomes. Due to the lack of tRNA, the step would not be possible, and as a consequence, a cell will not be able to divide.

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There are three main types of RNA: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Information in mRNAs converted from DNA defines the amino acid sequence of a peptide or several peptides. tRNAs deliver amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain during translation according to the mRNA sequence. rRNAs form ribosomes – special organelles, where a protein synthesis takes place (Lehninger,

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HIV is a round, ball shaped virus and unlike Ebola it has two single strands of RNA for its genome. The RNA is used to carry the genetic information that is passed on when the virus produces a new HIV particle. HIV belongs to the retro virus family and the genus lentivirus which describes how HIV copies its genetic information and also describes the progression of the virus which is very slow. Like Ebola, HIV takes part of the host cells membrane as the virus leaves to make a membrane for itself, in other words HIV is an enveloped virus. The HIV virus attacks the CD4 helper lymphocyte cell and destroys them which makes it harder for the body to fight off infections.

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Charge/ mass ratio of nucleic acid is unity, thus migration occurs largely on the basis of molecular size of the DNA molecules. Material Minigel horizontal agarose

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The newly made mRNA strand travels out of the nucleus to a ribosome where the directions can be made into a protein. A ribosome is composed of one large and one small subunit that assemble around the mRNA. The mRNA now passes through the ribosome. Now, amino acid building blocks are carried into the ribosome attached to specific transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules. The small subunit of the ribosome arranges the mRNA so that it can be read it segments of 3 nucleotides.

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The tegument is the next inner layer after the envelope, composed of another layer of viral proteins. Next is the nucleocapsid, a protein shell. The nucleocapsid contains the DNA of the virus. This capsule is a unique shape, it is a twenty-faced icosahedron. The core is within the nucleocapsid, the lifeline of the virus is the core.

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