The Culture Of Control: Crime And Social Order In Contemporary Society By David Garland

David Garland (2002), a sociologist and criminologist, is renowned for his publications on cultural and political philosophy and research on crime, punishment, and social control REF. Garland contends in his book "The Culture of Control: Crime and Social Order in Contemporary Society" that a multitude of social, economic, and political changes that have taken place over the previous few centuries due to the emergence of the ‘culture of control. Garland (2002) has written significantly on topics pertaining to social change and the state’s influence on societal standards. He particularly focuses on the changes in crime in the United States (US) and the United Kingdom (UK) from 1975- 2000 REF. Both these countries have demonstrated how they have

This is the concept that ways of punishment have been a significant role on social welfare in modern societies REF. Garland contends that the welfare state has merged with the criminal justice system in modern Western cultures, making punishment the main strategy for resolving social issues REF. According to Garland, the welfare state has been viewed as a collection of institutions and guidelines intended to improve things such as people' well-being by giving them access to financial stability and medical treatment (Garland, 2017). He contends that as more people are being imprisoned and subjected to various forms of punishment for social and economic issues that were previously thought to be the province of the welfare state, the role of the criminal justice system in providing welfare has recently increased. Garland’s other concept which he deploys in his book (2002), the ‘punitive turn’, is strongly related to the welfare state. The phrase "punitive turn," coined by David Garland, refers to the rising use of punishment and criminal justice as a reaction to social and economic issues that were previously seen to be the province of the welfare state. According to Garland, the decline of the welfare state can be explained by the rising use of criminal justice and punishment as a response to economic and social issues that were previously seen as welfare state’s responsibility REF. He contended that governmental spending

According to The Broken Window Theory, visual evidence of criminal activity and public disorder lead to an urban setting that promotes more criminal activity and disorder, including serious crimes. This strategy prioritises the enforcement of minor offences in order to prevent the occurrence of more serious crimes. The Broken Window Theory is related to the ‘culture of control’ in that it is employed to help minor offences not occur in order to maintain an orderly society REF. These strategies emphasise strong enforcement and punishment as a means of preserving social order and reining in crime REF. The Broken Window Theory shows that little changes can have a positive effect on social norms and the overall degree of crime and disorder. Communities may be able to establish a more pleasant and secure atmosphere by addressing minor disorders, and this can result in a number of social changes, such as an increase in residents' emotions of safety and well-being, better community relations, and perhaps even financial gains REF. There are various ways that the Broken Window Theory has been used to study societal change. For example, US and UK have instituted "Broken Window Theory" policing, which entails harshly punishing minor violations such as vandalism and graffiti in an effort to deter the