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The Enduring Legacy Summary

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The Enduring Legacy: Ideological Battles in the Wake of the French Revolution. The French Revolution of 1789 stands as a pivotal moment in European history, shattering the foundations of absolute monarchy and ushering in an era of profound political change. Its reverberations extended far beyond France, igniting a reevaluation of the political landscape across the continent. The ideals of liberty, equality, and popular sovereignty that resonated during the revolution spurred the emergence of four distinct ideologies: nationalism, conservatism, liberalism, and socialism. These ideologies, each representing unique visions for societal advancement, profoundly shaped the political struggles of the nineteenth century. Nationalism, at its core, …show more content…

Working-class people, facing harsh working conditions and meagre wages, found solace in socialist ideals. Pioneered by thinkers like Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, and Robert Owen, socialism challenged the capitalist system, advocating for collective ownership and a more equitable distribution of wealth. Labor unions and working-class movements across Europe took up these ideas to fight for a more just society. The Paris Commune of 1871 stands as a stark symbol of growing social tensions and the potential for a socialist revolution. Determining the single most important ideology during each half of the nineteenth century is a complex task. However, persuasive arguments can be made for the preeminence of nationalism in the first half and socialism in the second. The first half of the nineteenth century witnessed a surge in nationalist movements across Europe. The revolutions of 1848, the unification of Italy and Germany, and the emergence of new nation-states all point to the powerful pull of nationalism. Hunt et al. (2022, 402) highlight, the French Revolution's ideals of popular sovereignty and national rights fueled these movements. Nationalism provided a unifying force on a continent grappling with the legacies of empires and the rise of ethnic consciousness. While liberalism and conservatism also played crucial roles, the redrawing of the political map through nationalist struggles suggests its dominant influence in the first half of the

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Palina Hornaya Chapters 9 and 10: The French Revolution and Napoleonic Europe Theme: France, although it was one of the most advanced countries in Europe, quickly fell due to the Enlightenment ideas and people’s critical perspective of their government and society. When Napoleon Bonaparte came to power, he ended the revolution through reforms, and created a French Empire. His political unity and great military skills led to more modern and enlightened reforms in Europe. Subtheme: BACKGROUNDS 1.

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In your unit study, you explored the causes and effects, characteristics, as well as the consequences, of each of these revolutions. What did they have in common? How did they differ? For this portfolio, you will complete this document as you explore the similarities and differences between the French and American Revolutions.

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The most important cause of the Democratic Revolutions of the seventeen-seventy's and the eighteen-ten’s was political because the people did not have a voice in the government. Before the French Revolution, France was ruled by monarchies. Kings and queens ruled France and had the power of its people. For example, in the article of the “ French Revolution” it states that during their ruling time, they enjoyed his power by using the “ Letter de Cachet” to arrest innocent people. As well, they did not care about their citizens.

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The rise of nationalism in the revolutions of Canada, France and America constructed and strengthened the identity of their citizens. This identity developed and continues to develop over time due to influences such as internal revolts and wars. In the French, Canadian and American revolutions, the identity of the citizens changed drastically as the government, economy and way of life was rethought. This newfound nationalism succeeded or supplemented religion and replaced the old institutions that were in place. It also paved the way for the modern nations of the United States of America, France and Canada.

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These kings and queens were in many cases foreign rulers. Nationalism became a popular idea during the French Revolution. Napoleon used nationalism to encourage the French army to conquer more lands, and he used it to build a love and loyalty to France in every citizen's heart. The new idea of nationalism quickly

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Political participation and national unification thus became a big topic in European revolutions. It was also through the continued efforts of nations to unify and provided all citizens with basic rights, that nationalism could later expand outwards in the form of

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Nationalism has been a unifying force in the 19th century. Nationalism is when people have extreme pride in their country and feel a great sense of belonging to it. During the 19th century, the ideology of nationalism was becoming very popular across the world. It has caused people to be brought closer together and has assisted the development of many nations that still exist today, but it has also caused work in the opposite way, and caused people to feel excluded. Nationalism has acted as a unifying force as it has brought many people of the same race, religion and culture together.

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Socialism in the nineteenth century was, in Karl Marx eyes, a transitional state between the overthrow of capitalism and the realization of communism. During the Industrial Revolution, Socialism was a big topic for debate because it was about economic equality and justice for all people in Europe. The main contributor of this movement was Karl Marx. Marx in the nineteenth century set the foundation of many ideas at the time. One of Marx’s writings was The Communist Manifesto.

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Rather than advocating for the assurance of individual liberties, Marx and Engels argue that the government is justified in increasing its power to the point where their authority overrides personal liberties. Karl Marx says “the theory of the Communists may be summed up in the single sentence: Abolition of private property.” He focuses on the clash between classes in society and discusses how one class dominates another, which in the end suppresses individual freedoms. In the age where “the Civil War marked the transformation of an agricultural society into an industrial nation,” Marx saw a move towards capitalism, which he felt led to the exploitation of laborers and argued that Communism could put an end to that. Therefore, this document disproves the idea that unity was the solution to the protection of liberty, but rather argues that the elimination of class distinction would erase oppression among society.

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For nationalists’ loyalty to your country is critical for people to band together to protect their country, extend its boundaries and culture. The French revolution crash started to cause many different changes. One of the changes was the overthrow of the monarchy in 1792. An example of Nationalism is the battle of New Orleans which was fought from January 8 to January 18 Socialism describes the 19th-century principle the desire to improve the lives of the working class. The reason for this was because of the poor living conditions brought by the industrial revolution.

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Since the Revolution of 1789 and through the present day, France has experienced internal division over a variety of matters. It has struggled to overcome differences between groups and individuals with the hope of achieving national unity. By the time of the Revolution of 1789, the French were already divided over issues such as the Three Estates and religion. Class disputes and religious tension continue to be factors that divide the French even in the present. However, the French have been able to unify, at least nominally and at a very basic level, more than once when faced with a greater enemy.

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During the french revolution, French citizens fought to uproot and redesign their countries political landscape, eliminating centuries-old political institutions including absolute monarchy and

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A historian once wrote that the 19th century was “a time of bitter conflict, as the world of the past fought to remain alive.” During the 19th century, there was an emergence of the political ideologies: liberalism, conservatism, and socialism. Liberalism sought to limit the government, preserve individual freedom and believed in the hierarchy of merit. Conservatism attempted to preserve the existing order and believed in tradition over reason. Socialists believed in strengthening parliaments and the working class to bolster laborers.

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Examples of these in each region are the French Revolution, independence movements in Latin America, Second Boer War and the Boxer Rebellion. This stems from the unifying nature of nationalism

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Since 1800, having a sense of nationalism has often been rendered as a positive characteristic that empowers citizens to support and protect their country. However, as seen during the 20th century, it is not uncommon for nationalism to negatively affect nation-states as often as it has positively benefited nation-states. To be a nationalist one must have great pride and feeling for his or her country and culture. Yet, even though nationalism allowed the immense growth of permanent nations, it came at a great cost. Nationalism often led citizen to create internal tensions amongst themselves, as they argued over superiority.

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