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The Enduring Legacy Summary

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The Enduring Legacy: Ideological Battles in the Wake of the French Revolution. The French Revolution of 1789 stands as a pivotal moment in European history, shattering the foundations of absolute monarchy and ushering in an era of profound political change. Its reverberations extended far beyond France, igniting a reevaluation of the political landscape across the continent. The ideals of liberty, equality, and popular sovereignty that resonated during the revolution spurred the emergence of four distinct ideologies: nationalism, conservatism, liberalism, and socialism. These ideologies, each representing unique visions for societal advancement, profoundly shaped the political struggles of the nineteenth century. Nationalism, at its core, …show more content…

Working-class people, facing harsh working conditions and meagre wages, found solace in socialist ideals. Pioneered by thinkers like Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, and Robert Owen, socialism challenged the capitalist system, advocating for collective ownership and a more equitable distribution of wealth. Labor unions and working-class movements across Europe took up these ideas to fight for a more just society. The Paris Commune of 1871 stands as a stark symbol of growing social tensions and the potential for a socialist revolution. Determining the single most important ideology during each half of the nineteenth century is a complex task. However, persuasive arguments can be made for the preeminence of nationalism in the first half and socialism in the second. The first half of the nineteenth century witnessed a surge in nationalist movements across Europe. The revolutions of 1848, the unification of Italy and Germany, and the emergence of new nation-states all point to the powerful pull of nationalism. Hunt et al. (2022, 402) highlight, the French Revolution's ideals of popular sovereignty and national rights fueled these movements. Nationalism provided a unifying force on a continent grappling with the legacies of empires and the rise of ethnic consciousness. While liberalism and conservatism also played crucial roles, the redrawing of the political map through nationalist struggles suggests its dominant influence in the first half of the

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