1. How does DNA encode information? DNA is a double-stranded helix composed of a phosphate backbone and deoxyribose, and encodes information by the sequence of its nucleotide bases, which are composed of adenine, thiamine, guanine and cytosine. DNA undergoes transcription, which produces single-stranded mRNA, which uses uracil in place of thiamine. Next step is translation, in which the RNA becomes a protein, which then can act as structural units or enzymes.
1. What is the genome? A genome is an organism 's complete set of DNA that vary widely in size. The smallest known genome found in a bacterium has 600,000 DNA pairs and human and mouse genomes have 3 billion DNA pairs.
In 2003, ENCODE was launched to build a complete “parts list” for Homo sapiens by identifying and pinpointing the location of every single stretch of the genome that does somethings. About 99% DNA that did not code for any protein, which called “junk DNA” had become a big challenge for scientists to be recognize instead of about 1% of genome that codes for protein. The establishment of ENCODE exposed previously hidden connections between diseases so that we may able to prevent some particular diseases in the future. ENCODE had also shown that a gene is not the simple stretch of DNA that makes a protein, as we learnt and we knew that not all the protein-coding genes in our cell are activated. Fortunately, after 5 years of hardworking by Encode
To analyze the ethical components of the Central Intelligence Agency’s (CIA) use of a false of vaccination program to obtain information, one can used the four levels of moral discourse outlined in Robert M. Veatch’s The Basics of Bioethics. Looking at the four levels of moral discourse allows us to consider possibilities through which the hoax CIA vaccination program could be considered ethical or unethical. Below I outline a relativist belief that when working through the various levels of moral discourse, one can justify the CIA’s actions as ethical depending on the source of ethics used; using principles of bioethics, we see that the CIA’s actions were unethical, but when considering other principles or virtues, particularly those that
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a molecule found in all forms of life that is passed down from parents to offspring. What makes each DNA unique is the chemical makeup of the molecule sometimes referred to as the “blueprint of life.” (BIO). DNA is made up of nucleotides consisting of a sugar, a phosphate and a base pair. About six million nucleotide base pairs make up DNA in each cell.
Ethics of Gene Editing Technology From the atomic bomb to in vitro fertilization (IVF), new scientific discoveries and inventions have called for global discussions of the ethical implications of their use. The increasing improvements that make genetic engineering technology more sophisticated have especially sparked debates around the world. Genetic engineering, the process of modifying genetic material to create a desired effect, has many positive and negative potential uses. In Brave New World by Aldous Huxley, the dystopian society uses a method called Bokanovsky’s process in which a single fertilized egg is split into many embryos to create large numbers of identical twins. The embryos are put in certain environments and treated with substances
Learning Activity 5 Learning Activity 1 Can a CEO have personal values that conflict with the values promoted by the organization and still be an effective ethical leader for the organization? The CEO’s personal values are affected by his personal values because ultimately, judgment is linked to a person’s character and their values. Because judgment is linked to leadership, in order for the CEO to be an effective leader in the organization he must inspire trust and his values must be aligned with the companies. Eich’s judgment suppresses Mozilla’s commitment to “keeping the web open” as well as the values of equality and inclusive.”
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a unique genetic code found in all living
The four main principles of biomedical ethics from the principles perspective of Beauchamp and Childress are respect for autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice. The specification of moral norms are precise metrics to determinant of a range of action guides people what moral action can be done based on rational decisions. The balancing of moral norms is a priority ranking or weight the norms against one another during events when one principle is violated more than the others (Biomedical ethic notes. Pdf and classroom notes). From the four principles, beneficence and nonmaleficence will be discussed in the following part of the essay.
The term of the Greek word ethos can be defined as habitual or customary conduct. Early concepts of ethos describe it as the manifestation of virtues most valued in culture. Aristotle’s concept of ethos suggests that “well-formed” character will conduct and individual to habitually act in harmony with the principles of virtue [1]. Ethics, otherwise known as moral philosophy, is a term that originates from the word and concepts of ethos. As a result, this branch of philosophy appraises concepts of the principles surrounding virtue such as justice, behaviour and duties as moral or immoral connotations [2].
M6D1 Ethics and Genetic Testing As we all can agree, our genes play a highly important role in making us who we are as humans. If the information produce by genes is normal than everything can turn out normal and infants can be born healthy. There are those incidents the genetic information produce by genes is wrong and results of this information can lead to injury, disease, and/or illness of the fetus (Munson, 2012).
I am currently taking Genetics at ASU and I found the topic of human genetic engineering to be extremely fascinating. However, I did not have any understandings of the ethical issues surrounding the topic of genetically modified humans. This particular topic is very controversial because many individuals believe that the technical advances to genetically engineering humans will interfere the nature, cause substantial environmental damage, and modifying the genome is another way of playing God. Matter of a fact, a tremendous amount of countries either discourage or outright ban the practice. On the other hand, others believe that genetic engineering is one of the most moral things we can do for humans.
While using gene editing mechanisms for designing babies may be unacceptable, the practice of manipulating genes for the lone purpose of treating genetic diseases in developing embryos is both rational and proactive. When danger could come to a mother’s baby, scientists should evaluate which is more important: the well being of the baby or personal underlying ethical, moral, or even religious beliefs. For example, two month old Kira Walker underwent surgery to remove 40% of her pancreatic cells that had developed a mutated copy of gene ABCC8 (Moyer, 2014). If this issue would have been identified during embryonic development, the base pair mutation could have been corrected by CRISPR. Similarly, many individuals of European decent hold the
Genetically modified organisms, also known as “GMOs” have not been around in the consumer world for longer than one-hundred years, yet they are already a topic of discussion as well as concern for numerous people. The use of GMOs in our food, primarily animals, poses ethical questions about the abuse of these animals’ in addition to the unnatural ways that the they are genetically formed into being; i.e. chicken injected with hormones to modify their growth to the extent that they are unable to move. GMOs have also been used to create increased fortified rice to grow in underdeveloped and famined countries to help nourish those in the country. Both pose the ethical awareness of the use of GMOs furthermore increasing the difficulty in the discussion of imposing laws against the use of them. The practice of genetically modifying organisms should not be used when animals are in the mix, it is not okay to modify an animal to increase production or customer satisfaction at the animals expense.
A group of 3 nucleotides is called codons. Each codon on the mRNA molecule matches a corresponding anti-codon on the base of a tRNA molecule. The tRNA anti-codon attaches to the mRNA codon. Then, the larger subunit of the ribosome disconnects an amino acid from a corresponding tRNA molecule and adds it to the growing protein chain. When the mRNA is completely decoded a protein is made
