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Unethical Research Issues

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Research is a systematic investigation aimed at the discovery of answers to a problem (Burns, 2000).Research has been conducted for a number of reasons (Adams, Khan and Raeside, 2014). Bornmann (2012) states that researches have impacted on society both positively and negatively. Yet research contribute to science, it is difficult to measure contribution to society (Bornmann, 2012). For health and social care environment, research is a fundamental way of obtaining evidence for the purpose of solving health care problems and considering health issues (Polgar & Thomas, 2013) and discover new knowledge that could lead to changes to health treatments, politicise or care which could be more effective than existing way (NHS, 2017). In nursing discipline, …show more content…

The most dreadful unethical was possibly conducted by Nazi and in order to prevent recurrence of such episodes, the Nuremberg code was addressed in German (Avasthi, et al., 2013). It was the first international code for ethics in clinical research and stressed voluntary consent and banned experiments could result in major injury or death (Emanuel, et al., 2008). Then Declaration of Helsinki by the World Medical Association (WMA) was stated (Avasthi, et al., 2013). It has 32 principles and mainly stresses informed consent, confidentiality of data, vulnerable population, and requirement of a protocol, including the scientific reasons of the study, to be reviewed by the ethics committee (Avasthi, et al., 2013; WMA, 2018). Another main code is the Belmont Report and this emphasize respect for persons, beneficence and Justice (Sims, …show more content…

In detail of ethics, a key ethics is informed consent and self-determination. Research participants must be fully informed about the procedure, the purposes of the research, and the risks which are associated with the research and must give their consent to participate (WMA, 2008; WHO, 2011; Polgar & Thomas, 2013). Another key ethics is confidentiality and right to privacy. This principle is concerned with ensuring that people’s private information is not disclosed as a result of their participation in the study (WMA, 2008; WHO, 2011; Polgar and Thomas, 2013).Other key is minimizing risk and harm to participants. All risks have to be minimized and participant is fully aware of such risks before they have agreed to participate (WMA, 2008; WHO, 2011; Polgar and Thomas, 2013).Other key is scientific excellence and quality. Most research committees take the view that the proposed research has to be of high scientific quality and address research questions that have not already been answered (Polgar and Thomas,

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The job of the “Commission was to identify the basic ethical principles that should underlie the conduct of biomedical and behavioral research involving human subjects and to develop guidelines which should be followed to assure that such research is conducted in accordance with those principles.” (The National Commission for the Protection of Human

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Ethics has always been important when conducting research. Research ethics govern the standards of conduct for scientific researchers. In conclusion, Institutional Review Boards were established as part of federal

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The code stated that all research should have voluntary participants and consent needed to be obtained. Over the mid-to-late 1900s, more guidelines were formed to guide ethical research such as the Helsinki Declaration, National Research Act, Belmont Report, and Code of Federal Regulations (Resnik 2022; UNLV, 2023). Many of these contained similar themes including informed consent, weighing benefits versus risks, and protection of vulnerable populations (UNLV, 2023). However, there were still research studies that did not uphold these guidelines. This led to the introduction of one general framework known as the Common Rule in 1991 (Resnik, 2022).

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The Nuremberg Code was created in response to the Nuremberg Trial; it is a set of ten standards which must be followed when experimenting on humans and involves the necessity of voluntary consent, the avoidance of participant suffering during the experiment, proper preparation, and other decisive rules which stand as the basis for modern ethical review. Freyhofer notes, “The code protects human subjects from abuse by guaranteeing certain safeguards…” (Freyhofer 103). Medical critics agree the Nuremberg Code has led to more secure medical practices and

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The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment: compliance with the American Psychological Association’s ethical principles for research with the human participants. Roman Yakubov Hudson County Community College Research that involves human participants raises a lot of ethical questions and concerns. Ethics refers to the norms or principles that generally guide any research as well as whether research activities are conducted the right or the wrong way. Additionally, ethics are the moral principles that govern the behavioral component when a certain activity is conducted, in this case the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment (citation?).

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