Animal Testing Limitations

Animal testing is known as vivisection and in vivo. There are approximately 12.1 million animal experiments were conducted annually in Europe (Murnaghan, 2010). Animal testing has been practiced across the history of medical research and one of the famous researchers was Galen, ‘Father of Vivisection’. In recent years, a lot of animal rights groups and animal protections have criticised about the practice of using animals for biomedical research (Hajar, 2011). To illustrate, European Union regulators have decided to forbid on the import and sale of cosmetic that contain ingredients that had tested on animals and pledge to pursue China to accept alternatives (Kanter, 2013). This has made the use of animal testing being restricted and people

To demonstrate, U.S. Food and Drud Adninistration found that 92 percent of drugs that followed animal testing was failed to be approved in clinical trials in 2004 (Capaldo, 2014). Animals’ gene is different from human that gave unreliable results by animal testings. For the reason that, animal models can only mimic the extremely complicated process of human, physiology, progression and carcinogenesis to a certain extent (Mak et al., 2010). Next, the health condition between animal models and patients are different. Animal studies have failed because of animal research are inadequate to detect rare events, animal testings usually carry out in healthy animals and the effect of the disease on the biological activity of test compounds is undefined while animal models exaggerated pharmacology well but not modelled well when specific infections involved (Cavagnaro and Lima, 2015；Polson and Fuji, 2012). In fact, there are also products that had been tested in animal testing are return back from markets when it is found not qualify to human use and this situation have become human are being tested. Consequently, animal testings are not ensuring the safety of products for human use and medical researches should be reconsidered of using animal testing in medical

In contrast, Bekoff mentioned around 25 million of animal models are used in invasive research annually (Bekoff, 2012). Some people are not supporting animal testing due to the suffering of unwanted pains for animal models because they think it is cruel and inhumane acts. More importantly, some are against animal testing because animal testings are providing unreliable results which is endangered human lives. In comparison, the refinement, replacement and also reduction (3R) has been introduced which the amount of animal models use in animal testings were under control. Last but not least, animal testing is very important for medical research which provide a lot of advantages for the human and also animal itself in order to solve infectious diseases that are still transmitted all over the