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The Pros And Cons Of Gene Transfer

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Gene transfer is to transfer a gene from one DNA molecule to another DNA molecule. Gene transfer represents a relatively new possibility for the treatment of rare genetic disorders and common multifactorial diseases by changing the expression of a person's genes. In 1928, Griffith reported that a nonpathogenic pneumoccocus strain could become pathogenic when it was mixed with cells of heat-killed pathogenic pneumoccocus, which suggested that the pathogenic genetic material could be transformed from the heat-killed pathogenic pneumoccocus to the nonpathogenic strain (Griffith, 1928). This is the first report for gene transfer observation. However, the transforming substance was not identified in these experiments. Up to 1944, Avery et al demonstrated that deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was the transforming substance (Avery, 1944). In 1952, Hershey and Chase showed that DNA was the only material transferred during bacteriophage infection, which suggested that the DNA is the genetic material (Hershey, 1952). The basic technique for introducing DNA into E. coli have inspired procedures for the introduction of DNA into cells from a wide variety of organisms, including mammalian …show more content…

During the 1970s it became possible to introduce exogenous DNA constructs into higher eukaryotic cells in vitro. Mammalian (germline) trans genesis was first achieved in the early 1980s. The model used in this study was mice. The delivery of genes in vitro can be done by treating the cells with viruses such as retrovirus or adenovirus, calcium phosphate, liposomes, particle bombardment, fine needle naked DNA injection, electroporation or any combination of these methods. These are the powerful tools for research and have possible applications in gene therapy. A number of valuable techniques used to transfer genes in animals and plants cells and their scope and contributions are explained

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Therapeutic cloning, also interchangeable with somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), is a procedure that helps cure ailments in science. To begin the process, the haploid nucleus, that contains the genetic makeup, is separated from the fertilized egg. Somatic cells are then obtained from embryonic tissue and injected into the fertilized egg. If done so correctly, a cleavage is formed and cells divide due to mitotic division. In result, this forms a blastocyst where new stem cells are cultivated for further growth.

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Green briefly touches on gene therapy that aims to cure diseases in an individual. He also considers the fact that this is therapy is particularly risky and dangerous, he holds strong with his idea that, “if the disease is serious enough […] it is usually worth trying.” (pg. 56). Green then moves onto the second ‘square’ of this chapter-germline gene therapy. Green goes much more deeply into this section, mostly because this subject often

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In Particular Mayo clinic laboratory conducts Theresearch about Xenotransplantation and Gene therapy (Christopher G. Mcgregor Overview Xenotransplantation-Gene therapy). The main intent of this paper is to discuss the dilemma that has surrounded the issue of xenotransplantation and also to view the

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Humans have been successful with manipulating genetic transfer for thousands of years since our nomadic hunter gatherer ancestors settled and started farming animals and cultivating plant crops. Humans used the same principle of natural selection (selection by the environment of the ‘most fitted’) to develop artificial selection (selection by humans of the ‘most fitted’). Artificial selection, also known as ‘selective breeding’ is a procedure that is still carried out in today’s world that which organisms with desirable traits were bred together. It was the earliest form of genetic manipulation. Over the last few decades, along with the advancement of technology, humans have developed sophisticated methods to manipulate genetic information

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In recent years, there has been and still is much debate over stem cell cloning and its applications. The topics of embryonic stem cells and human cloning are very large and very controversial issues that have many facets to them, and these also tend to be the issues that overshadow the smaller, less heated topics of therapeutic cloning and animal reproductive cloning. Both therapeutic cloning with its hypothetical use in medicine and animal reproductive cloning with its potential to revive extinct species are gallant undertakings, yet both sides also have their share of fallacies and drawbacks. Therapeutic cloning, or somatic cell nuclear transfer, is in essence the process of substituting the nucleus of an egg for that of the genetic material of the organism being cloned.

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Secondly, the procedure is most often used to insert genes into fertilized eggs - injection with a microscopically guided glass needle - has a high failure rate and thirdly, the problem is lack of control over where the gene is inserted into the embryo's genetic machinery” (Human). The sole purpose of doing germline gene therapy to an embryonic organism is to prevent any health issues before birth. An option for those who are at risk of procreating a child with cystic fibrosis, germline therapy could be done to alter the embryos DNA genome to create a healthy baby. Before an embryo is even developed some doctors and

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I think that cloning is bad, because you can 't bring back animals personalities it can only bring back animals’ in physical form not mentally, it can neither improve society because of the amount of money cloning uses and when they do succeed the world may not have a stable economy and therefore have no use with clones, and it can be considered animal cruelty because of the amount of animals that die in the process. It cannot bring back a beloved pet’s personality nor save animals other that bring them back. As it states in the article `cloning animals pros and cons´ “Although your precious dog or cat has been brought to life, there is no guarantee that it will have the same personality as your lost loved one. ”This means that cloned pets most likely will not have the same personalities. And that if your pet cat died, that it would only be the same physically“This process only clones the muscles, bones and genetic makeup of your favorite animal, but not its traits or personality says the arthur of the article.

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The first gene therapy procedure was done in 1990 by Dr William French Anderson on a four year old girl, Ashanthi who had the ADA-SCID disease. At first, she was treated with regular adenosine deaminase enzyme injections, which received positive results but soon her health began to worsen and another treatment was needed. The next procedure was the bone marrow transplant that could only be performed if a well suited donor was found, which did not happen for the young patient. If none of the two treatments were applicable, the only solution for the infected child was to be detached in an artificial and germ free habitat. This is why the ADA-SCID disease is often referred to as “the bubble boy disease” or “bubble babies” for the infected children.

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“The main arguments against genetic modification of human embryos are that it would be unsafe and unfair, and that modification would quickly go beyond efforts to reduce the incidence of inherited maladies” (Caplan). During the altering genes in the mother 's womb cause a lot of dangerous situations and

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