Scientists take the unknown and make it known. The audience will better understand the scientific method if it seems logical. Including examples of Einstein, accepting scientific theories, and designing experiments show that the basis of Barry’s argument is factual. “Einstein refused to accept his own theory until his predictions were tested,” showing even the best of the best scientists study with uncertainty. Barry’s appeal to logos helps characterize the intellectual side of science.
Other scientists like Nicolas Copernicus believed in the Heliocentric Theory. At first, it didn’t explain how the planets orbits the way they did and was very hesitant to share it with others. In 1601, another scientist named Johannes Kepler proved that Copernicus idea was correct. They show that the planets rotate around the sun. Another method Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo developed was called the Scientific Method.
Science took a dramatic change with quantum physics developed by Albert Einstein, when he made public “his special theory of relatively in 1905” (384). Bringing new ideas and concepts about time, space, and motion. Another innovator is Werner Heisenberg
If society were to imply that our best thinkers and scientists had no uncertainties, we as a community would be committing a grave mistake. Without the skepticism of great scientists like Thomas Edison, the inventor of the light bulb and one of society's most significant creations of all time, or Albert Einstein, who developed the theory of relativity of gravity, who was confident he could produce such a thing. He experimented and performed tests many times. Without his doubts and willingness to overcome all his mistakes, he would not have made this discovery. Another example of doubt and certainty being prevalent in the field of science is the wide variety of psychological beliefs such as structuralism, functionalism, and behavioralism.
This new way of thinking led to significant advances in fields such as physics, astronomy, and biology, and it provided the foundation for the development of modern science.
The incredible work of scientist Thomas Young has helped to favour and support the wave theory. Young’s work occurred almost a hundred years after Newton and Huygens proposed their theories on light. Young performed an experiment which strongly supported Huygens wave theory. Young obviously believed that light was made up or travelled in waves. Young reasoned that some type of interaction would occur when two light waves met.
They had detected evidence for a relic blackbody radiation in agreement with the Big Bang theory rather than the temperatures and radio sources in space. The first scientists that came up with the theory Alpher, Herman, and Gamow were not credited for their work, because the scientific community felt the hypothesis uncertain. Later Dicke and Peebles published a similar theory just to find out the first one had been buried with a lack of emphasis on their calculations. In 1965 when the theory was proved in the Astrophysical Journal they merely mentioned the first article, not really crediting them for the original theory.
But first, in 1905 he published the special relativity. According to Perkowitz “the Special relativity is limited to objects that are moving at constant speed in a straight line, which is called inertial motion .Beginning with the behavior of light, the theory of special relativity draws conclusions that are contrary to everyday experience but fully confirmed by experiments. Special relativity revealed that the speed of light is a limit that can be approached but not reached by any material object; it is the origin of the most famous equation in science, E = mc2 the energy in matter is equal to its mass multiplied by the square of the velocity of light. This equation explains how starts can emit large amounts of light while losing very little mass.” (Perkowitz)
Entering the new century, 20th century’s physicists came up with a new branch of physics – quantum physics, which explains the behavior of matter and energy on the atomic and subatomic level. After the scientists work on this subject, they solved the mystery of tiny particles’ motions. However, a load of equations made quantum physics rename as ‘the hardest subject to understand’. Richard Feynman is well-known for a quantum physicist, the most difficult subject of the modern physics. However, he made a new diagram about the activity of photoelectric particles that public can easily understand.
After describing the universe in large scale, Bryson, as we expect, drastically changes gears and goes onto explaining the most fundamental components of the universe. While some were discovering the vastness of the cosmos, other scientists, such as Richard Feynman, began to concur that everything must be made of something much smaller – smaller than anyone can imagine. The concept of atoms was first brought up by the ancient Greeks, however, any evidence of would be obsolete until Einstein published his paper on Brownian motion in 1905, proving the existence of atoms. As any avid reader of Bryson can expect, the author next digresses from Einstein’s remarkable achievement and discusses the often overlooked atomic theorist, Ernest Rutherford. Rutherford conjectured that atoms are almost completely composed of empty space, which, in turn, means that the solidity we experience is merely an illusion.
In the summer of 2012, was when I was leaving for Virginia. A lot had happened in the previous months before this moment. Things such as my mom getting a new car, getting a new dog, my mom having a heart attack, and so on. Over everything that was happening, the biggest thing was moving across country from Arizona. Although, the hardest part for me was leaving my dad behind.
These new discoveries as well as pioneer work in the field of science greatly transformed the world by introducing new concepts of optometry, experimental physics, psychology, and visual perception. As demonstrated above, the impact of these contributions are still very much prevalent in our society
With the two concepts now tied together, the Theory Special Relativity earned Einstein the title of “Father of Modern Physics”, and his equation would go on to produce many great things for the world if it was not for the scientific contributions of
As postulated by Max Planck (1858–1947), the quantum theory “was the most fundamental innovation in physical science in the first half of the twentieth century, because of the establishment of a new system of physics and the construction of a philosophical worldview that appeared to deny the possibility of a complete understanding of reality” (“Quantum mechanics”,2005). In fact, the quantum theory is a probabilistic act; the act of finding a small particle in the whole universe. In other words, the theory deals with a particle as if it is present anywhere in the universe, but once it is observed, it is found. This theory was attacked as false in 1935 by Albert Einstein (1879-1955) as he said that “the theory offers a lot, but it hardly brings us any closer to the God’s secret.
In this period, scientists were asking perplexing questions and even came up with quality explanations for these questions, but some scientists had far fetched ideas that would become a type of pseudoscience. The far-fetched idea that will be discussed is Mesmerism. When the idea came to be, it didn’t sound as ludicrous because years earlier, Newton had constructed his theory on gravity. Which explained that every body of matter extorts a force on other bodies of matter.
