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Ultrasound Sonography Case Study

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Assessment of First Trimester Vaginal Bleeding Using Ultrasound Sonography
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Introduction:
Vaginal bleeding during pregnancy is any discharge of blood from the vagina. It can happen any time from conception (when the egg is fertilized) to the end of pregnancy. Some women have vaginal bleeding during their first 20 weeks of pregnancy.
Vaginal bleeding during the first trimester has been estimated to occur in 16% of all pregnant women, while the frequency of spontaneous abortion is traditionally estimated as 10-20%. The clinical approach though helpful is of limited value. Despite the latest technological developments and laboratory diagnosis the desired goal of early recognition is not achieved.
Prior to the era of ultrasound …show more content…

The fetus is definitely still inside the uterus (based usually on an exam using ultrasound), but the outcome of your pregnancy is still in question. This may occur if you have an infection, such as aurinary tract infection, become dehydrated, use certain drugs or medications, have been involved in physical trauma, if the developing fetus is abnormal in some way, or for no apparent reason at all. Other than these reasons, threatened miscarriages are generally not caused by things you do, such as heavy lifting, having sex, or by emotional stress.
• Completed miscarriage: You may have a completed miscarriage (also called a spontaneous abortion) if your bleeding and cramping have slowed down and the uterus appears to be empty based on ultrasound evaluation. This means you have lost the pregnancy. The causes of this are the same as those for a threatened miscarriage. This is the most common cause of first trimester …show more content…

This would be based on your medical history and ultrasound, and in some cases laboratory results. Bleeding from an ectopic pregnancy is the most dangerous cause of first trimester bleeding. An ectopic pregnancy occurs when the fertilized egg implants outside of the uterus, most often in the Fallopian tube. As the fertilized egg grows, it can rupture the Fallopian tube and cause life-threatening bleeding. Symptoms are often variable and may include pain, bleeding, or lightheadedness. Most ectopic pregnancies will causepain before the tenth week of pregnancy. The fetus is not going to develop and will die because of lack of supply of nutrients. This condition occurs in about 3% of all

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The First Trimester During the first month of pregnancy the amniotic sac forms around the baby. The amniotic sac is filled with fluids that protect the baby throughout the pregnancy. The placenta will also form doing the first month of pregnancy. The placenta connects to the umbilical cord and will give him or her the nutrients, and will also take away the waste from the baby.

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PRE-ECLAMPSIA Description Preeclampsia is a condition that occurs only during pregnancy. Some symptoms of preeclampsia may include high blood pressure and protein in the urine, occurring after week 20 of pregnancy. Preeclampsia is often precluded by gestational hypertension. While high blood pressure during pregnancy does not necessarily indicate preeclampsia, it may be a sign of another problem. Pre-eclampsia is one of the most common cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality.

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However, there is still a small chance that you may get pregnant. If you do get pregnant, then it is likely to be an ectopic pregnancy. An ectopic pregnancy is where the egg grows outside of the uterus. This is not a viable pregnancy.

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MATERNAL OUTCOME Maternal outcome in cases of PP depends upon type of PP, episodes of APH during pregnancy and their severity, pre- existing anaemia and availability of tertiary care facilities. Patients of PP are likely to have second and third trimester bleeding, more chances of operative deliveries, requirement of blood and blood products, PPH and different manoeuvres to tackle it, DIC, more chances of caesarean hysterectomy esp in placenta accreta, post operative infections, ARDS, pulmonary embolism and maternal mortality. Different studies have quoted different incidence rates of complications associated with PP. Thorkild et al23Reports that increasing liberal use of caesarean section in modern obstetric practice adds to increasing maternal morbidity and also the incidence of placenta previa. He states that incidence of placenta previa is 5 times higher in patients with history of previous LSCSand patients with placenta previa had 6% risk of having caesarean hysterectomy.

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