1. Valid: All birds have wings. (Universal Affirmative) Sparrow is a bird. (Particular Affirmative) Therefore, sparrow have wings. (Particular Affirmative)
This argument is valid because the first two statements (premises) are true, and when both the premises are two then the conclusion cannot be false. When an argument has all its premises true then it is called sound.
Invalid: All birds have wings. (Universal Affirmative) All birds are sparrow. (Universal Negative) Therefore, sparrow have wings. (Particular Negative)
This argument is invalid because the second statement is not true. All birds can’t be sparrow.
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(Universal Negative) Therefore, ants have tails too. (Particular Negative)
In this argument, all statements are false. Ants have 6 legs and not all 4 legs creature have tails e.g. tortoise is a four-leg creature and don’t have tail so the ants are neither four-legged creature nor have any tail so it is also false. So, if an argument has all the statements false then it is also a valid argument.
Invalid: Ants have 6 legs. (Particular Affirmative) Ants are insects. (Particular Affirmative) Therefore, all insects are ants. (Universal Negative)
This argument is invalid as the two premises are true, but the conclusion is false all insects can’t be ants, there are other insects too that are other than ants.
3. Valid: All plants have flowers. (Universal Negative) Jasmine, have plants. (Particular Negative) Therefore, Jasmine is a flower. (Particular Affirmative)
This argument is valid as it has false premises but true conclusion. Similarly, an argument can be invalid having true premises and false conclusion.