We contend that refugees of African, Arabic, and Asian descent and African Americans have very few opportunities to meet and learn about each other’s cultures. For example, African refugees are more likely to reside in African American neighborhoods, but they may coexist for years feeling unwelcome, isolated, and resented by their neighbors; a major concern for refugees. This concern is made more poignant by the most recent rise in violence against refugees; violence that is often treated as if it is detached from community strife. Yet, “like all forms of violence, “interpersonal forms of violence are tied to systemic forms of violence, and both reproduce power hierarchies along the lines of race, ethnicity, class, gender and sexuality” (Flippin