ipl-logo

What Are The Four Genetic Codes

976 Words4 Pages

Genetic codes are set of codes in which the information coded within the genetic material is translated in to protein by the living cells in our body. The genetic code is triplet code and here twenty different types of amino acid are used to make protein and must code for all twenty. In the singlet code the base codes for one amino acid. Four bases A, G, C, T would code with four amino acid. In a doublet code two of the bases would code with one amino acid which will make sixteen amino acids which will be coded for it. This is insufficient for twenty amino acid. A triplet code uses three bases and this produces sixty four combinations for twenty amino acid which is enough for twenty different amino acid. The genetic code degenerate shows there …show more content…

Transcription happens in the nucleolus of the nucleus. The part of the chromosome with the significant gene dips into the nucleolus and this is the part containing many RNA. The gene then unzips and unwinds from its zip because the Hydrogen bonds have been broken down between the nucleotide. The RNA that are free line up in one chain of DNA which is known as the template strand and they make hydrogen bond which is temporary with their complementary bases. Adenine from RNA pairs with Thymine from DNA, Guanine from RNA pairs with cytosine from DNA, Uracil from RNA pairs with adenine from DNA and this reaction is catalyzed from RNA polymerase enzyme. Ribosome RNA (rRNA) are joined by enzyme polymerize in the condensation reaction. Sugars and phosphate of RNA nucleotides bond together and this forms a polynucleotide chain which is single and the chain is complementary to the DNA template strand. Which means that it is a copy of the other DNA strand the coding strand because carries a copy the of information from the DNA coding strand for certain sequence of amino acid to make certain protein. A triplet of bases that codes from the mRNA is called a codon. This piece of mRNA can now be broken away from its …show more content…

In this process protein is synthesized from the information contained from messenger RNA. In this process mRNA I read using genetic code and this is a rule as how the mRNA is to be translated into 20 letter code of amino acid. Before the process can take place certain amino acids are attached to their corresponding tRNA. Each of the ribosome contains two subunit, so the length of mRNA binds with a ribosome so two codons are attached to small subunit. The first mRNA codon that is exposed is always AUG methionine and tRNA with corresponding anticodon UAC whichforms hydrogen bond and to do this; energy from ATP and catalyst enzymes is required. A second tRNA brings a different amino acid and the anticodon on the tRNA temporarily binds to the second codon on the small subunit. The anti codon on the tRNA will bond to its complementary codon on the mRNA only. The anticodon UAC from tRNA binds with AUG from mRNA. This now means that 2 amino acids are side by side and peptide bond forms between them forming dipetide. Then another enzyme which present in the subunit of the ribosome catalyzes the reaction. The ribosome moves along the mRNA so two and three codons are exposed to subunit. A third tRNA brings the third amino acid and a peptide bond is formed. Then the first tRNA leaves as it’s free to go and collect another amino acid of the same type to the ribosome. This process continues till a stop codon is reached and a polypeptide chain is

Show More
Related
513 Words | 3 Pages

Nucleolus- the nucleolus synthesizes ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Afterwards, these are put together with the proteins produced in the cytoplasm to create ribosomal units. 3. Nuclear Envelope-

Read More
401 Words | 2 Pages

1. How does DNA encode information? DNA is a double-stranded helix composed of a phosphate backbone and deoxyribose, and encodes information by the sequence of its nucleotide bases, which are composed of adenine, thiamine, guanine and cytosine. DNA undergoes transcription, which produces single-stranded mRNA, which uses uracil in place of thiamine. Next step is translation, in which the RNA becomes a protein, which then can act as structural units or enzymes.

Read More
1090 Words | 5 Pages

Each amino acid is made up of an amino group, a carboxyl group and a side chain (Reece, J. B., Urry, L. (2016). Campbell biology. Boston Pearson). Enzymes work by lowering the activation energy of the reaction making the reaction produce faster. Enzymes begin to catalyze chemical reactions with the binding of the substrate to the active site on the enzyme.

Read More
1254 Words | 6 Pages

The first step is where the substrate enters the active site on the enzyme. It is held there by hydrophobic interactions between the exposed non-polar groups of the enzyme residues and the side chain of the substrate. The second step is where the hydroxyl group on Serine 195, aided by the histidine-serine hydrogen bonding, preforms its nucleophilic attack on the carbonyl carbon of an aromatic amino acid. While this happens, it also transfers the hydroxyl hydrogen to the histidine nitrogen. The nucleophilic attack pushes the carbonyl electrons onto the carbonyl oxygen, which forms a short-lived intermediate.

Read More
297 Words | 2 Pages

In 2003, ENCODE was launched to build a complete “parts list” for Homo sapiens by identifying and pinpointing the location of every single stretch of the genome that does somethings. About 99% DNA that did not code for any protein, which called “junk DNA” had become a big challenge for scientists to be recognize instead of about 1% of genome that codes for protein. The establishment of ENCODE exposed previously hidden connections between diseases so that we may able to prevent some particular diseases in the future. ENCODE had also shown that a gene is not the simple stretch of DNA that makes a protein, as we learnt and we knew that not all the protein-coding genes in our cell are activated. Fortunately, after 5 years of hardworking by Encode

Read More
811 Words | 4 Pages

rRNA forms a part of both subunits on a ribosome, in which proteins are assembled. tRNA take amino acids to the ribosome and matches them to the coded mRNA message. 1c. Infer: Why is it important for a single gene to be able to produce hundreds or thousands of

Read More
506 Words | 3 Pages

The biochemistry is very similar through all organisms with each containing DNA made from adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine. First, the DNA is transcribed into mRNA. That specific RNA is then converted into an amino acid sequence by ribosomal RNA. The amino acid code makes up a polymer that ultimately becomes the protein that constructs the organism’s distinctiveness. That is how the given organisms establish their physiognomies.

Read More
640 Words | 3 Pages

There was an in-frame stop codon upstream of this methionine suggesting the translation initiation occurred from this codon. The second and third methionine codons were at positions 29 and 31 in the amino acid sequence. The first and third methionine codons in hPPARg2 were in a context appropriate for translation initiation, i.e. the Kozak sequence (25), and were conserved between mice and man. The second methionine codon was

Read More
643 Words | 3 Pages

The ORC complex that binds to DNA strand also have ATP binding site “special sequence” to which ATP molecule bind. Mutation in sequence led the inhibition of ATP to bind. DNA polymerase uses energy from NTPs that are freely present in nucleus. NTPs by hydrolysis with help of RNA polymerase form primer on which DNA pol adds nucleotides. DNA ligase by using NAD+ into NMN+ +AMP or ATP into PPi and AMP ligate the

Read More
768 Words | 4 Pages

Deoxyribonucleic acid, or what is simply known as DNA, is the heredity material within many organisms including we humans. Inside DNA is a code that stores all of the information of that organism. The code is made up of four chemical bases adenine,guanine,cytosine, and thymine. The order of these bases determine the information that is needed for creating and maintaining the organism. Each base is paired up with another base, then attached to a sugar and phosphate molecule and when put together they form a nucleotide, this forms the shape similar to a ladder which is the main form of what a strand of DNA looks like.

Read More
2590 Words | 11 Pages

Both of the sequence specific DNA-protein interaction, and sequence non-specific interaction are essential for life. A sequence specific DNA-protein interaction is found to be occurred during transcription, where a transcription factor interact in a specific sequence of a DNA. And a sequence non-specific DNA-protein interaction is found to be occurred when DNA interact with histone protein, in a sequence independent manner,

Read More
840 Words | 4 Pages

The ATP synthase is then powered by the protons, which in turn, produces phosphate to combine with ADP to produce

Read More
1418 Words | 6 Pages

The sequence of the bases provides the information, so the DNA is like the hard

Read More
860 Words | 4 Pages

A group of 3 nucleotides is called codons. Each codon on the mRNA molecule matches a corresponding anti-codon on the base of a tRNA molecule. The tRNA anti-codon attaches to the mRNA codon. Then, the larger subunit of the ribosome disconnects an amino acid from a corresponding tRNA molecule and adds it to the growing protein chain. When the mRNA is completely decoded a protein is made

Read More
861 Words | 4 Pages

Upon cell activation, transcription of proviral DNA into a messenger RNA occurs. Transcription process initially results in the early synthesis of regulatory HIV-1 proteins such as Tat and Rev. Tat binds to the TAR site (Transactivation Response Element) at the beginning of the HIV-1 RNA in the nucleus and stimulates the transcription and the formation of longer RNA transcripts. Rev facilitates the transcription of longer RNA transcripts and the expression of structural and enzymatic genes and inhibits the production of regulatory proteins, therefore promoting the formation of mature viral

Read More

More about What Are The Four Genetic Codes

Related Topics

Open Document