In chapter one Diamond mentioned the first stone tools and cave paintings
Meltzer also stipulates that the tools found could have been formed by some sort of cave-in in which debris fell (about 100m) to the floor breaking up, with a result that looks similar to tools. He came up with this theory based on the fact that the tools never looked as defined as what you’d expect them to be from man-made tools of that era, i.e., edge angles less than 90o or a logic and pattern to the
Steel was a great invention created by Andrew Carnegie. He created
Throughout time, humans began to learn more and more when it came to using tools. Earlier humans in East Africa would use sharp stones they sharpened to cut, pound and get new food. The earliest tools were possibly made by the Australopithecus garhi about 2.5 million years ago. Beginning 1.7 million years ago, humans began to strike flakes off stone cores and shape it into hand axes. Fire was discovered, which provided cooking for earlier humans.
He also invented milling during the same timeframe as the
The technology used to make stone tools in the middle Palaeolithic consisted of two main techniques, namely the Levalloisian technique and the Disk Core Technique. The Levalloisian technique was used to shape stone tools and weapons such as scrapers which were used to cut the skin off of animals, points, and knives. Tools made by the Levalloisian technique were made over a shorter period of time than other techniques and they are standardized. The Disk Core technique share many common characteristics with the Levalloisian technique. (Anthropology: A Global Perpective (7th edition)
Technologically, only men possessed the knowledge about the materials used and the techniques of manufacturing the stone axes. Women and children could use the axes, but were not allowed to make them. The stone axe had become an integral part of the society and was used for many activities, such as obtaining food, household purposes, building huts, cutting firewood etc. There was a certain area where the stones necessary for making these axes were found. This formed a chain of tradesmen throughout the country.
Also since factories and mass producing of
Some civilizations developed steel because they had enough food and shelter, and therefore more free time to assign specialists to create steel. To develop it, they needed to have access to a stable environment , a semi-arid climate, and a surplus of iron. Spain was one of the civilizations to develop steel; they benefitted from it because they were able to make more efficient tools, which lead to power, and better quality of life. The Inca did not have steel because they lived in a tropical climate, and they didn 't have many domesticated animals or much flexibility in their daily lives. They also didn’t have very much iron, because they had gold.
Copper was the most common metal for everyday use in ancient Egypt so it was not particularly hard for them to make bronze since bronze is just copper with a tin alloy and when the two metals are alloyed there is a high increase in hardness and sharpness of the blade. Before they found out about bronze most weapons were made of copper but it was obvious how much sharper and stronger bronze was. Bronze made the dagger very powerful when used against an enemy, though strength of the soldier using it still mattered. To make metals craftable they used an Egyptian heating process called smelting to removing the impurities of the ores and make it into something good to work with.
The coins were made of gold, silver and copper, and the writing on them was in Greek and Ge’ez. If you knew Greek during this time period, you were considered educated. Aksum is considered an educated empire not only because they knew Greek, but because they had their own language as well, Ge’ez. This advancement helped Aksum thrive and illustrates how advanced and prosperous, the Aksumite economy was. These coins, along with spices, gum, tortoise shell and ivory, were used in trade in exchange for Egyptian cloth, linen, articles of flint, brass, sheets of soft copper, iron ingots, wine, olive oil, and gold and silver.
Steel= Hot Fire+Lots of Iron+Time+Specialists. What a specialist is, is a person who spends their day tinkering with and object to seeing how it works and what it does. It took specialists a very long time to prefect Steel because they had to find the perfect temperature of the fire, how much iron and much more. The reason only Eurasia perfected steel first was with the help of many factors first was the hot fire, only a few places could be able to sustain a hot enough fire to melt iron.
Bronze has been the chief metal for her sculpture, while stone is next most common
What is Processed Food? The term ‘processed food’ applies to any food that has been changed from its natural state in some way, either for safety reasons or convenience. Some foods need processing to make them safe, such as milk, which needs to be pasteurized to remove harmful bacteria. Other foods need processing to make them suitable for use, such as pressing seeds to make oil.
They used clay not only to make pots but also to make bronze sculptures. They would start with a clay shape and put wax on the outside of the clay, then they would layer more clay on top of the wax. Next they would fire the sculpture to melt the wax and pour the bronze into the clay mold that was left over. Lastly they would break the clay and be left with the bronze statue.
