Carbon-carbon bond forming reactions Essays

Kolbe-Schmitt Reaction Kira Wall (CHE433) 12-3-14 The Kolbe-Schmitt reaction is named after Hermann Kolbe and Rudolf Schmitt. Schmitt published his research in the Journal fur Pracktische Chemie in 1885 while Kolbe published his research in the Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie in 1860. The reaction adds a carboxyl group onto the benzene ring of a phenol. The process uses a base carbon dioxide and acid work-up. The original reaction done by Kolbe involved the formation of sodium phenoxide

experiment was to use an aldol condensation reaction to synthesize 3-nitrochalcone from 3- nitrobenzaldehyde. This was accomplished with a Diels-Alder reaction that utilized 3-nitrobenzaldehyde, acetophenone, ethanol, and sodium hydroxide. The mechanism for the synthesis of 3-nitrochalcone is presented in Figures 1 and 2. The alpha carbon on the acetophenone is deprotonated. This is followed by the attack of the alpha carbon anion on the carbonyl carbon on the 3-nitrobenzaldehyde. Next, the oxygen

The Baylis-Hillman Reaction In both organic and synthetic chemistry, there is a great demand for reactions that lead to the selective addition of carbon - carbon bonds on a specific atom when there are multiple competing bond sites present. Reactions that can form these bonds greatly simplify the process of assembling carbon frameworks, these frameworks are major in many synthetic and organic chemistry processes. Although there are other reactions that can give the same outcome, the Baylis-Hillman

Introduction Grignard reagent is considered as an organometallic compound or it's the composition of electrophilic and nucleophilic that electrophilic is the carbon atom of organic halide which is directly attached to the halogen, it's reactivity can be switched to the nucleophilic reactivity by conversion an organomagnesium halide. It has the general formula of (RMgX) and it has a general nomenclature which it's called magnesium alkyl halide. We can get Grignard reagent by adding one of solutions

substitution reactions is the most important reactions, especially Nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions where nucleophile attacks positive charge or partially positive charge As it does so, it replaces a weaker nucleophile which then becomes a leaving group. The remaining positive or partially positive atom becomes an electrophile. The general form of the reaction is: Nuc: + R-LG → R-Nuc + LG: The electron pair (:) from the nucleophile (Nuc :) attacks the substrate (R-LG) forming a new covalent

Tertiary alkyl halides tend to give a mixture with both inverted and retained configurations at reaction centers. This is because this reaction proceeds through a stable carbocation intermediate and the carbon at the reaction center goes to sp2 hybridized state (planar geometry). The incoming nucleophile can attack from both sides of the plane and can give two products with retained and inverted configuration. If there is a partial interaction with the leaving group (nucleofuge) with carbocation

The better the leaving group, the faster the reaction making Br a better leaving group than Cl. Tertiary-butyl iodide reacts faster than tertiary-butyl bromide via S_N 2 mechanism because iodide is a better leaving group than bromide. True or False? True. 1-Chlorobutane (2.5 mL, d=0.886) in 20

of this lab was to prepare methyl m-nitrobenzoate using electrophilic aromatic substitution using nitration. The reaction used methyl benzoate with the acid catalyst as sulfuric acid. The mechanism for the nitration using methyl benzoate is presented in Figure 1. Figure 1: Benzene can only undergo substitution reactions that are called electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions. Given that benzene rings are used commonly in the production of many organic compounds, the capability to make

the double bond in between the carbons attackss molecular bromine which in turn breaks the bromine-bromine bond. The attacked bromine forms a cyclic bridged bromine ion intermediate with a positive formal charge on it. While centered in between phenyl groupscarbons, the bromine that was notn’t attacked gainsned the electrons from the bromine-bromine bond making the molecule negative. The nonattacked bromine then attacks one of the carbons breaking one of the the bridged bromine bonds. The nonattacked

cyclohexanol is a poor leaving group, which is why the addition of a dehydrating acid is necessary to convert the cyclohexanol into cyclohexene. In this reaction, the OH group is first protonated forming OH2+. Then, a water molecule leaves to form a carbocation. Lastly, a proton is removed from an adjacent carbon to form an alkene. This reaction is conducted in a distillation apparatus. Since cyclohexene boils at a lower temperature than cyclohexanol, the cyclohexene will distill (along with water

certain functional groups and carbon-carbon bond formations. Cathal McKenna Student Number: 11322441 10/6/2014   Introduction Samarium (II) Iodide has emerged in recent times as a very useful reagent in organic synthesis. The compound was first used by Kagan and his researchers in 1977, who published a series of papers in 1980 regarding its uses as a single electron transfer reagent[1]. Since then it has been used widely for an array of reactions, for Carbon-Carbon bond formations such as the Barbier

energy present. During cellular respiration, the food we consume is broken down, from sugar molecules, to energy molecules known as ATP. ATP is thought to be the ‘energy currency’ of cells. ATP stores energy in a solid bond, and cells can utilize this energy by breaking that bond, subsequently eliminating a phosphate group and bringing about ADP, which can then be reconverted to ATP. Toward the end of anaerobic respiration, there are just two molecules of ATP produced. During Cellular Respiration

Nylon 66 is a type of polyamide or nylon. It is most commonly found in fishing nets, ropes, cords and fishing line making it the camping and leisure material of the century. It is made up of two monomers which each containing 6 carbon atoms, hexamethylenediamne and adipic acid (figure 1.), which give nylon 66 its name. This specific type of nylon was invented by Wallace Carothers at DuPont’s research facility on the 28th of February, 1935. Properties of this polymer that make it the best

2. GRAPHENE FABRICATION TECHNIQUES Fabrication of graphene can be divided into two different approaches. They are bottom-up and top-down approaches. Bottom-up methods involve synthesizing graphene from alternative carbon containing sources, whereas top-down methods involve breaking apart the stacked layers of graphite to yield graphene. Figure shows the schematic representation of the bottom-up and top-down graphene synthesis. Figure 10: A schematic of ‘bottom-up’ and ‘top-down’ graphene synthesis

Long duration of heating will loosen the bond between central atom and ligands. Characteristic of acetone is to increase the formation of complex. There is error in the acetone provided thus causing the adding steps of acetone to dissolve all the complex formed in the experiment. Sodium acetate

investigated using the MP2 method with aug–cc-pVTZ basis set. Three types of complexes are forming by:1) hydrogen bond, 2) both hydrogen and halogen bonds, 3) halogen bond interactions. The results indicated that interactions in type 1 complexes are stronger than those in types 2 and 3. The H–O bonds show red shifts with complex formation in types 1 and 2, in which they are more considerable for type 1 complexes. The O–Y bonds display red shifts in the type 3 and blue shift in the type 2 complexes. Molecular

move the electron to form a double between carbon-carbon. After forming the double bond between carbon-carbon, the electrons in the double bond move between oxygen and carbon and form

benefits including, preservative effectiveness, neutral pH, and less impact on mechanical properties compared to other flame retardant chemicals like phosphorous, boron compounds are often considered a good flame retardant [25]. In addition to the char forming catalytic effect, they have low melting point and form glassy films when exposed to high temperatures in fire. The formation of this glassy film barrier inhibits the flow of combustible volatiles to the fire exposed surface. Borax tends to reduce

CROSS COUPLING REACTION IN ORGANIC SYNTHESIS The formation of new carbon-carbon bonds is of central importance in organic chemistry and a prerequisite for all life on earth. Through the assembly of carbon atoms into chains, complex molecules, e.g. molecules of life, can be created. The importance of the synthesis of carbon-carbon bonds is reflected by the fact that Nobel Prizes in Chemistry have been given to this area many times: the Grignard reaction (1912), the Diels-Alder reaction (1950), the Wittig

Dehydration of 2-Methylcyclohexanol Sura Abedali Wednesday 2:00 PM January 31, 2018 Introduction: Dehydration reactions are important processes to convert alcohols into alkenes. It is a type of elimination reaction that removes an “-OH” group from one carbon molecule and a hydrogen from a neighboring carbon, thus releasing them as a water molecule (H2O) and forming a pi bond between the two carbons1. In this experiment, 2-methylcyclohexanol undergoes dehydration to form three possible products: