Excitotoxicity Essays

Discovered by a Japanese chemist professor named Kikunae Ikeda in 1908, MSG is short for monosodium glutamate, which is a white, odourless free flowing crystal and is the sodium salt of glutamic acid. Its chemical properties are that it is soluble in water, doesn’t decompose and its functional groups are amines, ketones and aldehydes. Ikeda, a professor at the Imperial University of Tokyo discovered that humans can come across a fifth taste which is called umami, derived from the word umai, meaning

not only responsible for the swelling and death of neurons, but it also is one of the causes of the production of ROS. When ROS are over produced they cause the inhibition of glutamate uptake through EEA2 transporters, hence the vicious cycle of excitotoxicity. When the intracellular levels of Ca2+ increase, it is the job of mitochondria to take in Ca2+; the intake of Ca2+ by the mitochondria causes increased ROS production. ROS cause damage to DNA and protein, which causes the destruction of neurons

Effect of Terminalia arjuna bark extract on transient focal cerebral ischemia induced neural damage and behaviour deficits in Sprague dawley rats Stroke is a global socio-economic disease and places a huge burden on patients, families and wider society (Warlow et al., 2003). It is the second leading cause for death next to ischemic heart disease & leading cause of disability in the world (WHO 2012, Lozano et al., 2012). Age related risk for stroke becomes higher in India like developed countries

Ketamine for Treatment Resistant Mood Disorders and Neuroplasticity Daniel Blitch Dr. David Paltin PSY678 National University   Ketamine for Treatment-Resistant Mood Disorders Mood disorders, specifically depression, are the most common mental health problem facing the world today. Disorders have an objective scale to be scored under and classified, yet the physical manifestation within different patients are unique. Sometimes, however, the profound intricacies of a particular mood disorder cannot

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a multi-faceted injury and is considered the leading cause of ailment in soldiers and pedestrians. During injury, a surge in ROS facilitates a vicious cycle that accelerates mitochondrial damage, excitotoxicity, lipid peroxidation, and inflammation. Further, mitochondrial targeting strategies in TBI have been increasingly studied as their maintenance will potentially preserve brain function. Melatonin is one such mitochondrial targeted strategy. Melatonin is synthesized

Methamphetamine (MA) is a highly potent and addictive drug with major medical , psychiatric , cognitive, socioeconomic, and legal consequences [1]. MA was first synthesized from ephedrine in 1893 by chemist Nagai Nagayosh. In 1919, Akira Ogata synthesized crystallized MA by reducing ephedrine using red phosphorous and iodine, providing the basis for production of the drug on a larger scale (Figure 1) [2]. Figure 1: Chemical structure of methamphetamine. MA is available in different forms such

Sucralose (Splenda) Sucralose has been proven to worsen diabetes, abort pregnancies, and toxify the liver and kidneys. These are unmistakable signs that sucralose is an extremely dangerous substance, but it is the least-studied artificial sweetener. It is one of the more recent additions to the diet industry. One of the reasons for sucralose 's fast-track approval is because aspartame cannot be used in baked foods, for it breaks down at high temperatures into toxic substances, as it does during

There are many people in the United States who think of Marijuana as a dangerous drug. President Nixon demonized marijuana in 1960 which changed many people's views of the drug. So many people think that the plant is a gateway to heavy drugs but that is not the truth in The full legalization of Marijuana will benefit the United States in many positive ways. Some of those ways are economically, the medical properties, its effect on our legal system, and it will change the way how people see the plant

3. Review of literature 3.1 Stress and its types: Stress is an essential mediator of human behaviour. Immediate physiological response to any type of stressor facilitates survival of the species at its maximum. Despite of normal homeostatic regulatory mechanism, the stress responses can become maladaptive. Chronic stress, for example immobilization, exposure to noise, irradiations, psychological stress can leads to a host of adverse health consequences, including cardiovascular diseases, neurodegeneration

This paper will review an article written by David Sechina, on Athletics and Herbal Supplements and explain the main points of the article, what the author is conveying through his writing, and the research and findings used to come to his conclusion. The roles supplements play with athletics will be discussed in further detail, explaining why athletics feel the need to use supplements to enhance performance. The risks involved with the use of supplements and how it affects our athletes. Examination

5.1 Introduction In the brain, the hippocampus is involved in directing the process of creating, systematising and retaining memories. The hippocampus is widely connected to the dorso medial nuclei of the thalamus, mammillary nuclei of the hypothalamus, limbic system network for learning and continuous action for long-term storage. The hippocampus brings about the representation of spatial and temporal memories (Eichenbaum et al, 1992). The research about cognitive function of the hippocampus

HIGH ALTITUDE A significant portion of the world’s geography lies above 10,000 feet elevation. Some of this mountainous high altitude land is populated by indigenous people who have, over the centuries, adapted to this existence. These indigenous people have evolved mechanisms to more closely relate oxygen supply and metabolism and subsequent energy generation (Hoppeler and Vogt, 2001). Large numbers of people travel to high altitudes for recreational pursuits, such as mountaineering, trekking, and

Gilbert Emily Gilbert Ms. Vyse English II 4/14/16 Proof of Heaven Can spirituality and science change the way we understand and experience life on Earth forever? In his book, Proof of Heaven, Dr. Eben Alexander tells of his near death experience that he encountered while in a coma. He also discusses his background leading up to his experience, the scientific explanation of his experience, what happened while he was in the coma, and lastly what happened afterwards. Alexander is a neurosurgeon