Horizontal gene transfer Essays

organisms, this process is known as vertical gene transfer. In contrast, bacteria can undergo horizontal gene transfer that allows for transfer of genes from one organism to a different organism. Horizontal gene transfer often involves either a bacteriophage, a virus that infect bacteria or a plasmid, which is a circular piece of DNA that exist and

that don’t. In the most recent election in Oregon, Measure 92 has had a recount of all of its votes because of how close the final tallies were. GMO labeling is an abbreviation for “Genetically Modified Organism” and it can refer to animals and plant gene-splicing, which genetically modify its DNA. Some plants could be genetically made to make certain characteristics to increase the growth of nutritional profiles of food crops. Why do people want their foods to show what it’s made of? What are the pros

Anthropocentrism refers to human beings as the central most significant entities of the world. Mankind are superior among all species on earth whilst all other entities are subjected to exploitation for human growth. This belief forms the basis of many western religions and philosophies. A few anthropocentric philosophers argue that the earth’s resources are not limited or increase in human population will not exceed the carrying capacity of earth. They also claim that projections of human population

According to Jones, humans are 10,000 times more common than they should be. In other words, visualize getting stuck the whole life in a room that’s capacity is fifty people instead there are one-hundred people. Undoubtedly, many individuals if not all people will get sick, and that’s because there wouldn’t be enough food for everybody. Secondly, people will die because there would not be enough air (oxygen) for them to breathe, which causes the spread of diseases. We should have more control over

Children attend school to learn in order to have a better life but schools are failing. School are falling to guide children to have a better life, they are not teaching them or providing them with a healthy meal which causes obesity and in the long run many health damaging diseases. A meal is important, it is the fuel the body uses to function therefore, it should not be taken as unimportant. The better the meal the better results the body will give you, according to the article Livestrong healthy

expert on Mayo Clinic, "It is possible to transfer a gene from an allergenic plant to a non-allergenic plant" (Zeratsky). This could cause serious harm to people with allergies. Someone might have an allergy they are aware of, but unknowingly eat a genetically engineered food that now contains that allergen. Allergies can range from minor so severe and can even cause death. Accidently eating something that happens to be modified and now contains harmful genes is a real possibility. This is certainly

To begin GMOs have an impact on the environment in various ways. To introduce the impact it has it is essential to understand what a GMO is. A GMO is a genetically modified organism that is used to create “plant” or crops” that are virus and insect resistant and anything that is resistant has risks . First, GMOs seeds are planted in the same fields as normal seeds hence replacing them, which leaves the fields as non natural because GMOs are engineered by scientists. Non altered seeds have been used

Introduction An increased global relationship between countries of varying development has directed many discussions related to the exchanges of resources and fair practices. The advancement of biotechnology since 20th century too has drawn the attention of many nations. While the knowledge of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) was limited to experts during early iterations, the basic concept of GMOs is readily accessible to many people today. The core definition behind GMOs is the addition of

articles to help me better understand the science behind genetic engineering of food. The U.S National Library of Medicine explains on their website that “Genetically engineered (GE) foods have had their DNA changed using genes from other plants or animals. Scientists take the gene for a desired trait in one plant or animal, and they

Most food manufacturers use plenty of unhealthy and even suspicious ingredients in order to extend the shelf life of their food items. This means that you need to stay away from these toxic ingredients at all costs if you are to protect your health… Here are the top 10 offenders (not ranked according to the level of harm they cause): 1. Monosodium Glutamate ( MSG) MSG is an amino acid typically used to enhance the flavor of processed foods. It is well-known excitotoxin, which has been scientifically

branched out into different species that is caused due to gene mutations and environmental factors thus animals branched out from a

Antibiotic resistance occurring naturally is obvious. Genes for resistance to antibiotics, like antibiotics themselves, are prehistoric [13]. It is the nature of every living organism to be nature driven resistant with time. In a study, few factors are identified to be responsible for the evolution of antibiotic resistance. Bacterial fitness, infection dynamics, cross-resistance, co-selection, horizontal gene transfer (HGT), epistasis together can predict the AR [14]. Bacterial fitness is defined

when the donor and recipient are relatively closely related, and this type of genetic exchange could principally affect the variation in existing genes rather than introducing new and unique traits to the genome. Hence, its role in ecological and physiological diversification of bacteria will be insignificant. When individual genes in different organisms are compared, many instances of HGT have been observed based on the comparison of characteristics of sequences. For example,

coli genomic library facilitated the selection for genes conferring the resistance through amplification. One plasmid from the library, plasmid pXV62, provided a high level of resistance for E. coli. Deletion and nucleotide sequence analyses of bacitracin resistance revealed that a single open reading frame, designated the bacA gene, sufficiently caused antibiotic resistance. The bacA gene mapped locus deduced amino acid sequence of the bacA encoded protein suggesting

attained by genetic engineering, also knowns as genetic modification. It is a kind of biotechnology which is able to change the genome of a certain cell directionally, regardless of species boundaries. To modify genes accurately, a few steps are listed as follows. First of all, the desired gene from the donating cell is cut by a restriction enzyme, which can recognize a specific nucleotide section, creating sticky ends. Later on, the DNA fragments will be injected into a vector, such as the circular

Introduction  There are many factors which shape health and safety at work and safety culture is one of them. The purpose of this paper is to explore that factors surround safety culture in an organization. Safety culture can be define as internal and external factors which may impact an organisation negatively or positively. Some of those impact can be influence by management commitment, communication, production service demand, competence and employee representative Hughes and Ferrett, (2009)

Competition is a social process that involves a number of individuals or groups who seek to improve the quality of performance with better quality and higher speed with the same goals and objectives in a business venture. The competition is divided into two, namely intramodal and intermodal competition. Train service providers face competition from other service trains and also called intramodal competition such as the Kuala Lumpur Monorail, RapidKL, Light Railway Transit (LRT) and others, but the

signaling molecules are secreted that bind to many cell surface receptors, turning on genes, including those that produce bioluminescence. (http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/bacterial-quorum-sensing). Gene expression occurs in bacteria such as V. fischeri when there is a high salt density. Another activity that bacteria controls using quorum sensing is mating. A tumefaciens is a bacteria that uses this horizontal DNA transfer to mate. Quorum sensing also allows bacteria to control sporulation. Sporulation

induced by mutagenic chemicals or radiation. Besides mutations, another way that bacteria achieve gene diversity is through the three known mechanisms for intercellular gene transfer. They are transformation, a genetic process which free DNA is incorporated into a recipient cell, transduction, a process which bacterial virus transfers DNA to another cell, and conjugation, a form of horizontal gene transfer which requires cell-to-cell contact. The

now part of the cell. A virus cannot reproduce on their own. They are essentially, in Moreira and López-García's own words, gene robbers. Viruses such as the Mimivirus, evolve in the protein synthesis via HGT (Horizontal Gene Transfer) implying that viruses never had the capacity to synthesize their own proteins. Another point brought up in this article is, "most viral genes involved in energy and carbon metabolism, transcription, translation and replication with cellular homologues were acquired