Hydrocarbon Essays

1 PETROLEUM Petroleum is a mixture of gaseous, liquid and solid hydrocarbon that occurs naturally beneath the earth's surface (Awake, 2003). Petroleum is composed of hydrocarbons (hydrogen and carbon) and may exists as crude oil, natural gas or condensates. Crude oil is a naturally occurring, free flowing liquid mainly hydrocarbons with its specific gravity between 1.00 and 0.80. The major elements of crude oil are carbon (83-87%) and hydrogen (10-14%) and minor elements, nitrogen (s density

EXPERIMENTAL RATIONALE Hydrocarbons are organic molecules consisting of hydrogen and carbon only1 and can be classified as saturated or unsaturated. A saturated hydrocarbon has the maximum number of hydrogens that can be present, given the number of carbons in the compound, for example, acyclic alkanes. A hydrocarbon is unsaturated if a hydrogen can be added1. This is a result of a hydrogen in the molecule being replaced, for example, with a double or triple bond or ring structure. Three examples

with such practices as directional drilling, well drilling, and recondition of oil and gas field wells (The New York Times). It also encompasses crude petroleum production, the mining and extraction of oil from shale or sands and the recovery of hydrocarbon liquids, all natural gas producers and those that recover sulfur from natural gas (Investopedia). The largest companies in this subsector are: Atwood Oceanics, Helmerich & Payne, Nabors Industries, and Patterson-UTI Energy, as well as Ensco plc

The fuel we use today began forming during the “Carboniferous Period” which was before dinosaurs ruled the Earth (Soft schools, 2014). As many of you may know, the government has recommended phasing out petrol products and replacing them with cheaper, cleaner and continuous, alternative fuel product. The most effective and efficient fuel cell is biodiesel and this is evident through the environmental impacts, the cost, safety aspects, transport, the efficiency of the yield of each fuel and the production

I grew up in a third world country that prioritized rapid industrialization above environmental sustainability with the end result of highly unacceptable levels of toxic industrial wastes and effluent emissions. Seeing the thunderous cheers and jubilation from oil and gas engineers when an oil well is perforated and extraction begins without considering the negative effects this has on the environment, is quite alarming. I always wondered if the multiple oil spills, or casual gas flaring, was due

The dead remains of animals along with compaction and heat, makes oil. Crude oil has what is called Hydrocarbon, which is an organic compound containing only carbon and hydrogen. The car gasoline that we use to power our automobiles is mainly made up of hydrocarbon chains with seven to eleven carbons. Hydrocarbons that have more than 12 carbons usually result in things like diesel fuel. Hydrocarbon chains can be separated through a process called distillation. Distillation occurs at an oil refinery

Poly (ether sulphone) is stable under the pH range of 2 – 14. In addition, Poly (ether sulphone) is stable in oxidizing agents and various non-polar solvents. However, it does react with low-polarity organic solvents like chlorinated/aromatic hydrocarbons and ketones like methylpyrrolidone. Due to its stiff and yet comparatively flexible structure, it relatively maintains its mechanical and chemical properties from -100 oC to 200 oC. Poly (ether sulphone) is highly resistant to mechanical deformation

In today’s world crude oil has become a necessity. It is the world’s primary source of energy and is used for transportation, generating power, and manufacturing goods that people use in their daily lives. However, oil is not easily accessible as it is trapped within the rocks deep within the earth. In order to provide the world with its energy needs, the oil must be drilled out of the reservoirs. This was first accomplished in the year 1859 when Edwin L. Drake, a former railroad conductor, used

Oil is a liquid petroleum hydrocarbon substance it has a high carbon and hydrogen content and are usually flammable and slippery. Oil is used in food, fuel, lubrication, and the manufacture of paints, plastics, and other materials. Most of the oil is drilled out from under the sea floor. Offshore oil in the Gulf of Mexico is a major source of oil in the United States. Some of the major areas that oil is drilled in the United States is in the western and central Gulf of Mexico which includes Texas

Calcarenite is a sedimentary rock formed of calcareous particles that have been deposited mechanically from a solution. The particles which consist of fossil materials, pebbles and granules of carbonate rock and Oolites are transported and sorted by flowing water. When it is formed entirely of shell debris the rock is called coquina. (Robert 1768) 1.1. Composition of calcarenite Calcarenite is a type of limestone composed mainly of above 50% of detrital sand of size 0.0625 to 3mm in diameter in

INTRODUCTION A chemical reaction is the chemical change of atoms and molecules. They is are an essential part of daily life, and can be very useful for solving various problems. This essay discusses the use of bioremediation in oil spills, and the chemical processes involved. PROBLEM An oil spill is simply the release of liquid petroleum (also known as crude oil) into the environment. Large-scale oil spills are very problematic, as they as they can cause a multitude of short-term and long-term

Introduction Gas hydrates also known as clathrates have been known for about 200 years. For over 60 years they have been studied by oil and gas industries. According to (Cranganu and Nitzov), It wasn’t until about 18 years ago many publication companies covered articles about the potential energy sources they could be as well as Characterization, Carbon Sequestration, geophysics, and Global climate changes. Over the recent years it’s been a high demand for finding new sources of energy that were

Offshore drilling refers back to the drilling for oil in the ocean and wet lands.in todays modern day world, this offshore oil drilling is one of the most important technological breakthroughs that the world has ever made in current years. From offshore drilling, many strategies have emerge which have helped drill oil underneath the land and in the water. Since the day offshore drilling was introduced, the world has benefited a lot as it has drilled gallons of oil which have helped in industries

91% of the operational spills are small but they do result in less than 67 metric tons of oil spillage. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are present in the oil spillage which are incredibly difficult to clean up during an oil spill and can cause many diseases to marine species. The result of an oil spill is horrific; oil penetrated the plumage of a bird which causes them to be more

Hydraulic Oil Fracking In today’s ever industrious world, oil has became the primary source to our advanced way of life. When most people think of oil they think of the gasoline they put in their vehicles, but oil does a lot more for our world than just get us to work everyday. Oil can be considered the most essential product in our lives. Although some could argue food, water, and shelter are the most important. However, without oil we would not be able to run the machines that all make it possible

Oil is made of plants and animals that died millions of years ago, and as time passes, these remains are buried deeper beneath the ocean floor. When heat and pressure are added, the carbon in the plant and animal remains changes into hydrocarbons, which is the main ingredient of crude oil (Freudenrich, 2). The process of oil drilling starts off with the core of having an oil rig installed. The rig is very stable and can be supported several hundred meters in the ocean. The step right before

Jojoba oil is known as the Gold of Desert and is produced from the seeds of jojoba plant. The jojoba plant is a desert shrub found in the arid regions of the Mexico, Arizona and California. It is extracted as a liquid wax and then later refined into the odorless and colorless jojoba oil. The plant gain famed from its moisturizing and emollient properties, and properties that balance hair and skin by keeping them hydrated. And this oil is widely used in cosmetic and skin care industry. Skin

At room temperature is a colorless gas with an odor similar to gasoline. It is an alkene used to manufacture rubber by addition polymerization. It has two C-C double bonds in its structure which allows the compound to form a wide variety of polymers including ABS. This compound is a toxic gas listed as a human carcinogen. Figure 2. Representation of 1.3-butadiene (mw: 54.09 g/mol) Styrene: A colorless to yellowish liquid that produce polystyrene by homopolymerization. Styrene is a derivative of

To: Les Singer; Secretary, DOE From: Policy Group Office of Secretary Les Singer Subject: Answers for the reporters I know that there a many questions being asked in regards to gasoline prices and comments made by J.R. We as the policy group are doing the best that we can to work on answering all of your questions and coming up with explanations to make sure that you fully understand. The answer to your question on why price ceilings will prevent the laws of supply and demand from operating

Documentary “Blood and Oil” Summary The documentary "Blood and Oil", directed by Jeremy Earp, shows how foreign policy and energy policy are closely intertwined by demonstrating growing dependence of the American economy on oil, resulting in America’s military engagements in the Middle East. First, the documentary starts to illustrate how oil has become the most important energy resource in the American economy. Since 1860, the U.S has been the leading consumer of petroleum. Despite being a mere