Stratigraphy Essays

The ‘anthropocene’ is a highly debated topic and there are multiple opinions on whether it exists. The concept of the anthropocene states that humans have had such a dominant effect on the physical environment that we have now entered a new geological epoch (Lewis and Maslin, 2015). Much of the substance for these arguments questions whether there is enough evidence to support the claim that we have entered a new geological epoch and whether effects such as rising CO2 emissions and biodiversity loss

Relative and absolute dating techniques are necessary to find the most accurate date of an object found or archaeological site, with both techniques providing invaluable information in different forms, with varying levels of effectiveness based on the find or site being dated. Relative dating is defined as “the arrangement of artefacts or events in a sequence relative to one another but without ties calendrically measured time” (Lexicon, 2014). This means that there is no physical date to the objects

The classificatory-descriptive period was broadly focused on the description of archaeological materials and the classification of those objects (Willey and Sabloff 1980:34). That aim was the result of intellectual developments throughout Europe, including “the discovery of…man in the Old World…and the rise of…geology” (34), and the emergence of C. Darwin’s evolutionary theory (34). Additionally, archaeologists were influenced by the classificatory scheme of cultural evolution established by L.H

Flinders Petrie focused on meticulous excavation procedures, total collection and description of each and every artefact, management of site without direct involvement in the manual labour of the excavation, use of seriation on pottery types and stratigraphy, as well as publicising his excavation results from Egypt and Palestine (Fredheim 2012; Ramsey 2004; Renfrew & Bahn 2000). Additionally, both General Pitt-Rivers and Flinders Petrie were influenced by ethnographic, evolutionary, nationalist and

Why chronology in Archaeology is important Before exploring why establishing a chronology is so important, first we must understand why archaeology is a crucial tool for humanity. The importance of archaeology is twofold; it has a spiritual and cultural significance for mankind, while simultaneously giving us the tools to scientifically understand human behaviours and settlement patterns. Archaeologists work to reconstruct history, modelling cultural and behavioural changes over time. This understanding

Summary of Barrier island stratigraphy and Holocene history of west-central Florida In Davis et. Al (2003), researchers studied the Holocene Barrier island and inner continental shelf located in west-central Florida. The study itself took place in the northern Florida Gulf peninsula barrier inlet, extending from Anclote Key to Cape Romano. The purpose of this research project was to analyze the characteristics and nature of the barriers, as well as to understand where the barriers were formed and

look for and argue that the site was too old and therefore impossible to validate the discovery. Henry F. Osborne, a leading paleontologist, believed this finding represented the mammoth’s migration to North America from the Old world. The sites stratigraphy was studied again in the 80s and it was

that the horizontal layers of sediment or strata, accumulate with time and that oldest layers can be found at the bottom and the newer layers are on the surface, and more (The Smithsonian Institution). The principles are used with methods such as stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, fluorine analysis, and more (O’Neil). The second dating technique is absolute dating or chronometric dating, this method is primarily conducted in a laboratory, and it is based on the decay of radioactive elements (The Smithsonian

THe Pleistocene Epoch The Ice Age was also known as the Pleistocene Epoch. The Pleistocene Epoch began 2.6 million years ago and ended about 11,700 years ago. This period in time was divided into four parts. The Pleistocene was split into four different stages. The first one is the Gelastian (2.6 million to 1.8 million years ago), the second it the Calabrian (1,800,000 to 781,000 years ago), the third is the Ionian Period(781,000 to 126,000 years ago), and finally the Tarantian period (126,000 to

The transitions between the intervals are clearly marked in the changes in the Earth’s stratigraphy like rocks due to various forces. The scientific body known for (AWG) Anthropocene Working Group believed that humans were the causes of what was going on with the Earth’s changes geological and atmospheric. AWG process was serious of enough to

1. In the age of the Anthropocene, data offers a new image of the globe and humans as subjects Recent human activities on Earth have triggered many problems. In Seoul, South Korea, I experience not being able to see 10 meters away due to the dense cloud of fine dust. There is a debate about which country between Korea and China causes this fine dust. “It is difficult to observe how the air pollution in China changes over the West Sea, and the pollutant emission data in China is inadequate,” said

With the excavation almost dead center of Australia Puritjarra Cave Rock Shelter thus finding out that the site had already been occupied 22 000 years ago. The Shelter had a floor space of 400 m². Shortly after it was shown to go back to around 32,000BP. Puritjarra Cave Rock Shelter was still used up to the 1930s when people went onto missionary stations in the western MacDonnell Ranges. I checked multiple sources to confirm that Michael Smith in 1987 had the first proof that 22 000 years ago it

In Twilight of Mammoths, Paul S. Martin introduces the concept of ‘overkill’, in which many extinct species pertaining to the late Quaternary period would have survived but additional survival pressures ensured their demise. Martin directly attributes the additional survival pressures that ensured the extinction of these species to the spread of humanity. In specific Martin demonstrates the ability of human civilizations to produce profuse impacts on local ecosystem without the use of advanced technology

damage they may be causing. Most of the time they rip the bones and create dents on the thousand year old fossil (article 2 paragraph 7). In addition, when bones and other fossils are removed from the area without care it can damage the sites’ stratigraphy (article 1 paragraph 3).

Lola Patty Josue’s Earth Science 900 Luna 24 Luna-24 launched as the final Soviet mission to the moon in 1976. The spacecraft was placed in category E-8-5m within the Soviet Rocket Industry. The estimated cost of the Luna programme was about $4.5 billion.The mission’s goal was to collect samples of lunar soil. Official Soviet sources disclosed Luna-24’s re-designed drilling mechanism, a tool not necessarily used on soil-sample missions. E-8-5m’s number 413 spacecraft launched from Balkonur’s

The Grand Canyon is a notable topographic feature in Northern America. It has nearly 2, 000 meters of rock layers exposed on the surface with twelve major rock units and occupies a region of broad continental crust. Despite its vastness, how it exactly became as it is now remains a question to scientists who study the area. The Grand Canyon is located specifically at the southwestern edge of the Colorado Plateau in Arizona. It begins at Lee’s Ferry and ends at the Grand Wash Cliffs. It reaches up

Figure 2 El Calon has increases in elevations that rise to one plateau. Its stratigraphy is that of a layering process leading to one peak in an organized manner, suggesting that this was more planned than figure 1. This planning maybe means that El Calon was built with a definite reason in mind, maybe a temple. Figure 2 was detailed as having morphology like a pyramid again leading me to think that it is a definite structure used for a purpose. 2. Imagine yourself conducting surveys or excavations

I have been developed professionally and academically enough to get strong and efficient teaching philosophy. The key to prepare true critical thinker students is by encouraging them to read and questioning what they read. The most challenge for teaching science courses is to get the student attention to the importance of the material to their own purposes. The student attention can be stolen by looking in his eye for inspiring an excitement by investing in the communication skills techniques in

Raman Microscopic Analysis of a Multi-Pigmented Surface from the Theban Tomb (TT277), Luxor, Egypt H.H. Marey Mahmoud Department of Conservation, Faculty of Archaeology, Cairo University, 12613 Giza, Egypt (Received October 22, 2012; in nal form January 9, 2013) In this study, the Raman microscopy technique was employed for identifying a multi-pigmented surface from the wall decorations of the Theban tomb (TT277), Luxor, Egypt. The Raman spectra were collected in the near infrared excitation line

Have you ever wondered where the idea of evolution stemmed from, or how about where belief that organisms altered their behavior in response to changes in their surrounding environments came from? The answer to those questions is that both ideas were brought up and further investigated by French naturalist and biologist, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck. Lamarck was born on August 1, 1744 and lived until December 28, 1829 (“Jean-Baptiste Lamarck – Biography.”). In this paper, I will be evaluating Jean-Baptiste