Vertebrate Essays

extinction caused most of the vertebrate species to shrink to the size of a human forearm. Lauren Sallan, a paleobiologist at the University of Pennsylvania, states that the one-hundred thousand year long cold spell which occurred about three-hundred and fifty-nine million years ago during the end of the Devonian Period caused the growth of glaciers. This

discussed is the pelvic bone of the modern whale, and the evidence of evolution that exists in the structure that lost its vestige. According to an online article by Brian Switek for the “Smithsonian”, an estimated 375 million years ago (mya) vertebrates that had arms and legs, known as the first tetrapods, made their out from one ecosystem (swamp) to another (terrestrial), to roam about. Dinosaurs remained the superior invertebrates during the time (Eocene period), the first group of mammals had

As a human it is easy to take our ability to walk upright for granted. After a few shaky toddler years, we learn, and the ability to sit upright and be bipedal simply comes naturally to us. However, on closer inspection we can see that bipedalism is no ordinary trait or random coincidence – bipedalism is one of most discerning human characteristics and is the result of millions of years of adaption in our ancestors that has led to modern human bipedalism. In this essay I am going to explore the

1. The Phylum Chordata consists of chordates that are defined by the four fundamental characteristics that they possess such as the pharyngeal gill slits, muscular post-anal tail, dorsal, hollow nerve tube and the notochord (Department of Biology 2008). However, the adult humans lack two of these significant characteristics, which are the post-anal tail and the notochord. Furthermore, humans are classified as chordates due to the similarities within characteristics. For example, humans posses the

COMPARATIVE ANATOMY OF AORTIC ARCHES IN VERTEBRATES DEFINITION: Aortic arches are also called as pharyngeal arteries. They are vascular structures that emerge from the ventricle of the heart. There are 6 pairs of these arches in embryonic stages which give rise to several major arteries later. They arise from the aortic sac and are present on the ventral and dorsal aorta. As discussed earlier that there are 6 pairs of aortic arches present in embryonic stages giving rise

Respiratory sounds can also define as breath sounds or lung sounds. It is generated through the turbulence of airflow in our respiratory tract. The air breath in and out are transmitted through air, liquid and solid and to the chest wall. Each properties of substance that the air attenuated lead to different degree and intensity of breath sounds (Jones, 1995a). Breath sounds can divided into three type, normal, abnormal and diminished (Alexandra Hough, 2001). Breath sound is useful in diagnosing

The pharynx is a muscular tube that extends supero-inferiorly from the base of the cranium to the level of the inferior surface of the body of the sixth cervical vertebra. The pharynx lies dorsal to the nasal cavity, the oral cavity and the larynx. The nasal portion of the nasopharynx has bony elements in its wall and thus it is rigid, whereas the pharyngeal portion is contractile as a result of the muscular nature of its wall.4 The relationship between craniofacial morphology and respiratory function

Respiration consists of transportation of oxygen from the atmosphere to the body tissues and the release and carriage of carbon dioxide formed in the tissues to the atmosphere. The human respiratory system is a series of organs responsible for taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide. We can list the primary organs of the respiratory system as nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs which carry out this exchange of gases as we breathe. During inspiration air passes through respiratory

The lungs are a pair of asymmetrical organs that facilitate gaseous exchange between the environment and the circulatory system. The lung on the right side of the chest has three lobes, and the lung on the left has two. The lungs are attached to the respiratory tract via primary bronchi that divide from the base of the trachea and enter their respective lung at the hilum. Each lobe is connected to a secondary or lobar bronchus that divides off from the primary bronchus. The secondary bronchi then

Choca-Cola Did you know that 3 minutes of mediocre soda leads to a short life of heart problems, discomfort, and pain? Well, that's what I'm here for, not to scare you, but to inform you on coke and it's side effects. The sugars in coke and other sodas really damages the human body. Did you know that within 10 minutes of consumption of a 12 oz bottle of coke 10 ounces of sugar hit your system, I'm sure this isn't what you paid for. When the sugar immediately is sent to your liver, which then causes

Kimberly Ramos Mr. Johnson Honors Anatomy and Physiology January 8, 2016 Respiratory System The respiratory system is the system that helps humans breathe and allow every single human to perform everyday tasks. As researchers say the respiratory system consists of organs. The organs that make up the system are the nose, nasal cavity, oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, and muscles of the respiration. All these organs play a major role in the respiratory system. Scientists say

Cellular Respiration Aerobic Cellular Respiration is the process by which the cells in our body get energy to carry out their functions. Cellular respiration is necessary for all living things due to the fact that living things are made up of cells and all cells need energy to carry out their functions. It takes place in the mitochondria of mainly eukaryotic cells. Mitochondria are considered the powerhouses of cells due to their high folds of energy. During aerobic respiration, oxygen is always

Tracheostomy is a procedure, in which an opening is created through the neck into the windpipe also known as the trachea to enable breathing and to open blocked airways. The purpose of tracheostomy is to improve alveolar ventilation in case of respiratory inadequacy, to create an alternative pathway for breathing, or to protect the airways by using a cuffed tube. This also allows for the air to enter the lungs therefore, the breathing is done through the tube. When a patient has tracheostomy they

he pharynx join the nasal depression and the mouth to the larynx and throat. The pharynx dividers are skeletal muscles. The pharynx is at the base of the skull down to the sixth cervical vertebra. The structure of the pharynx helps when playing O2 touch, as we take full breaths amid activity, air experiences in mouth increasingly and afterward goes to the lungs to be transported to the muscles. Nasal depression The nose is the main outer part of the respiratory framework and the inner part

THE SINUS BATTLE What Are Sinuses? Sinuses are air pockets found in the cranial (head) bones and are also referred to as “paranasal sinuses”. They are linked to the nose on the face where air passes and mucus drains. We have eight sinus cavities in total. They are paired on equal sides of our face, resulting in four pairs of sinus cavities. Each cavity has an opening called an ostium, leading to the nasal passages to exchange for air and mucus. The mucus linings have cells with fine hairs called

Pinna The external ear comprises of pinna and external auditory canal. The elastic fibrocartilage forms the body of the pinna and is covered by skin which is attached loosely on its medial surface. This cartilage is avascular and derives its nutrition from the perichondrium. A unique pattern on the lateral surface of the pinna makes it characteristic for each individual and comprises of helix, antihelix, triangular fossa, scaphoid fossa, concha, tragus, antitragus, intertragic notch and lobule. The

Discuss convergence in animals, providing examples from both arthropods and vertebrates. (discussing convergence in the phylum arthropods with examples from within this phylum and likewise for the vertebrates.) Convergent evolution is the process in which organisms which are not closely related derive akin traits separately due to the need for adaptation to similar environments or ecological niches. There may be resemblances at a phylogenetic level, but the basic DNA sequences are different. Morphologically

be triggered by extreme situations; it was only documented among captive animals, for example, perhaps by the stress, or isolation. Why among vertebrates, can fish, reptiles and birds have virgin births, but mammals, including humans, seemingly cannot? Even here, things aren 't straightforward Virgin turkeys Perhaps the best understood 'virgin ' vertebrate is the common domesticated turkey. Flora, a virgin Komodo dragon that gave birth Komodo dragons are also capable of virgin births Then in recent

Umapathy et al. 2003). Besides, tropical rain forests are home to world’s highest biodiversity including a highly complex and diverse vertebrate fauna (Harmelin-Vivien & Bourliere 1989). However, tropical rain forests are always manipulated and exploited for economic purposes (Mergen, 1981). The tropical rainforests

It was Saturday morning, and as usual I was up getting ready to go hiking. Every other Saturday I go hiking with my dog, Dell, who is really hyper. He loves going, and sometimes he will even wake me up. The place we go to hike is called Red Stone Hiking. It is a really popular place in the state of Georgia. I hopped up out of bed ready to get an early start. “Come on buddy,” I called out to Dell. He hopped out of his bed with passion. Dell ran to his food bowl ready to eat. I had bought him this