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Sleep Apnea Syndrome

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The pharynx is a muscular tube that extends supero-inferiorly from the base of the cranium to the level of the inferior surface of the body of the sixth cervical vertebra. The pharynx lies dorsal to the nasal cavity, the oral cavity and the larynx. The nasal portion of the nasopharynx has bony elements in its wall and thus it is rigid, whereas the pharyngeal portion is contractile as a result of the muscular nature of its wall.4 The relationship between craniofacial morphology and respiratory function has been studied extensively since the beginning of 20th century54. Some authors claim that patients with deficient respiratory functions present with lip incompetency, increased anterior face height, maxillary constriction, protruded maxillary …show more content…

Studies in general have demonstrated that patients with Obstructive sleep apnea have a small retropositioned mandible, narrow posterior airway space, enlarged tongue and soft palate, inferiorly positioned hyoid bone, and retroposition of the maxilla.60 Frequent observations with Sleep Apnea syndrome refer to micromandible, macroglossia, velar dysfunction and soft tissue hyperplasia. 61 Lowe et al62 reported similar observations i.e posterior positioning of maxilla and the mandible, steeper mandibular planes and occlusal planes and increased anterior face height. A retruded position of the chin goes hand in hand with a retruded position of the associated tongue. The sagittal reductions of the cranial base and upper face coexisted with reduced pharyngeal opening. Soft palate elongation, retruded position of the maxilla and the retruded position of the chin with tongue are three major morphological deviations to be evaluated when anatomical rehabilitation of the pharynx is to be …show more content…

According to Taylor M et al (1996)70, greater rate of changes in the soft-tissue measurements of the posterior pharyngeal wall occurred between 6-9 years and between 12-15 years. It has been emphasized in the literature that the pharyngeal structures continue to grow rapidly until 13 years of age71.In long- term follow-up studies, it has been well established that between 22 and 42 years of age, the soft palate becomes longer and thicker and pharyngeal region gets narrower.72 Hence, in this study, the age range selected was between 16-25 years to ensure that the pharyngeal structures have acquired their adult dimensions and that results would not be affected by the growth. For evaluation of pharyngeal airway space, the upper pharyngeal airway space was divided into naso-, oro- and hypopharyngeal airways according to the horizontal lines from PNS or Gonion to the posterior pharyngeal wall. The nasopharynx is above the PNS line and oropharynx is between the PNS and gonion lines. The hypopharynx is under the gonion line.* Class I Bimaxillary Protrusion Malocclusion Group: Pharyngeal

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The next system I dissected was the respiratory system. My first task was to find the trachea as well as the esophagus. My goal was to compare the structure of each. I found the trachea to be wider, stronger, and it had a bumpy surface. The structure of the esophagus is small, but versatile which allows it to move easily.

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The chin or mandibular symphysis can be analyzed by looking at the profile of the mandibule. The shape of dental arcade can be determined by looking at the skull from a ventral view and analyzing the shape that the upper teeth generate. The dentition can be determined by analyzing the size of the overall teeth with the size of the overall facial size. Finally, the retromolar space can be identified by evaluating the space between the last molar and the rest of the

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Treacher Collins syndrome is a genetic disorder that affects the development of craniofacial. It results abnormalities in face and head due to hypoplasia of facial structures such as the lower jaw (mandible), cheekbones and abnormal small chin micrognathia. In addition, some patients with this syndrome are also born with an abnormal opening in the roof of the mouth (cleft palate), but in severe cases, hypoplasia of the facial bones may restrict the infant’s airway of breathing causing life-threatening respiratory

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In the beginning of the chapter, both the velopharyngeal port (VPP) and oropharyngeal isthmus (OPI) are mentioned in the paragraph that discusses the anatomy of the velum. The VPP is defined as “the opening separating the mouth from the nose”, and the OPI is initially defined as “an arch-shaped opening…, a causeway defined by the palatine arches” (Gick 125-126). However, the velopharyngeal port is frequently mentioned throughout the chapter in terms of its physiological functions, whereas the oropharyngeal isthmus is broken down anatomically at the end of the chapter. For example, section 7.1.2 titled Muscles of the velum, examines the muscles of velar functioning in methods regarding nasal air flow such as the trapdoor method, the circular

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1831 Words | 8 Pages

This often leads to horrible snoring. There are two types of sleep apnea: OSA and CSA. OSA stands for obstructive sleep apnea, and this is when the muscles in your throat get too relaxed and start to close off your airway.

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So as to comprehend this diagnosis, I am going to paint you a picture of human throat structure. See the five chief throat parts below.  Pharynx: A tube of muscle that is flanked by the mouth and nose passages.

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Study Objectives: To evaluate the impact of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) on neurocognitive function and brain morphology in elderly patients with depression and cognitive impairment. (DEP-CI). Design: Prospectively screened OSA in patients from the Donepezil Treatment of Cognitive Impairment and Depression (DOTCODE) trial. OSA was defined as a Stop-Bang scale score of ≥5 (the specificity is 79.7% for OSA diagnosis).

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Neck Lift Changes in neck appearance are caused by (1) excess fatty deposits in the area below the chin and above the Adam’s apple, (2) loose, hanging skin, (3) separation of the platysma muscle fibers along the midline of the neck, and (4) shortening and thickening of the edges of the platysma muscle, which causes vertical bands to form in the neck. With age, the platysma loses its attachment to the neck, so the natural tendency of muscle to contract and to shorten occurs. As a result, the junction between the chin and the neck loses its angle and appears blunted. Technique With Facelift

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INTRODUCTION There are several types of congenital craniofacial anomalies, most frequent of which are orofacial clefts that encompass the cleft lip and palate (CLP), which occurs when embryonic facial processes fail to unite (1). The complications associated with CLP are maxillary growth aberrations and high occurrence of Class III malocclusions. In children with CLP, aberrations in number, size, shape, and period of tooth formation are more common than in the non-cleft population. Orthodontic abnormalities such as crowding, rotation, and malposition of teeth are also frequent in patients with CLP (2). ‘In the orthodontic context, an index is used to designate a rating or as a categorising system that assigns a numerical score or alphanumeric

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In fact, obesity is one of the strongest predictors of obstructive sleep apnea and has been utilized in common obstructive sleep apnea screening tools. About half of the people who have sleep apnea are overweight, and they also have high blood pressure which is directly linked to obesity. Obesity, particularly in a pattern that increases fat deposition in the neck and upper body, has strong effects on obstructive sleep apnea pathogenesis by narrowing the upper airway and increasing airway

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Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is characterized by partial or complete cessation of airflow and oxygen desaturation during sleep owing to upper airway collapse.1,2 The severity of sleep apnea depends on the abnormal size of the airway.3 In children, the major contributor to airway narrowing is hyperplasia of pharyngeal tonsils and adenoids.4 Moreover, pediatric craniofacial disharmony was strongly associated with sleep-disordered breathing (SDB). 5 Polysomnography is indicated when the clinical assessment suggests the diagnosis of childhood obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), also in asthma if there is a clinical suspicion for an accompanying SDB disorder.6 Children with asthma had a significantly higher risk for SDB. Therefore, few authors

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Introduction of Snoring Chinstrap What is it? My Snoring Solution Chin Strap is an anti-snoring product that holds the lower jaw of the user in such a way that he can breathe properly while sleeping; due to the positioning of the jaw the windpipe in the user’s throat opens which ensures low air velocity and less tissue vibrations owing to which the snoring stops. It is the best substitute to costly medical treatments as it effectively eliminates snoring and has a simple lightweight design which makes it easy to use.

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the jaws is gained only in the anterior of the midline, the use of this technique for the calculation of horizontal dimension of alveolar process is applicable to this area only. [49,52] 2.4.5 Panoramic Radiography: The resolution of and the shape of the panoramic radiographs is less than that of an intraoral film but it provides a broader visualization of the two jaws and the anatomical structures nearby. The panoramic imaging technique is distinct because of the magnification in vertical plane is highly reliable as mentioned by Maria and similarly agreed by Lingeshwar mentions that although the vertical details are exemplary but the linear measurements are not and in addition vertical measurement can become unreliable because of foreshortening or elongation of the anatomical structures and landmarks as the X-ray beam is not perpendicular to the anatomical landmarks. [49,51] 2.4.6 Conventional Tomography:

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DISCUSSION In this study, the usefulness of dental maturation assessment as a diagnostic test using panoramic radiographs as an approach to determine skeletal maturation was explored, with a reliable methodology. A significant positive correlation between dental and cervical maturity was obtained for both genders. This is consistent with correlations found in several other publications 12,18–21,23,24.

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It is the position of the mandible to the maxilla, with the intra-articular disc in place, when the head of the condyle is against the most superior part of the distal facing incline of the glenoid fossa [1] • Dynamic occlusion: Dynamic occlusion is the functional occlusion in which mandibular and maxillary teeth move relative to each other. other than the muscles of mastication there are two guidance systems which are the main determinates of functional occlusion. • Posterior guidance: posterior guidance is determined by the temporomandibular

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