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Aflatoxin Lab Report

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Figure 1: Chemical structure of Aflatoxin (B1, B2, M1, M2, G1 and G2) Ochratoxins They occur in nature as Ochratoxin A, B, and C. Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin produced by several fungi (Penicillium, Fusarium and Aspergillus species), and occurs naturally in a variety of plant products such as cereals, coffee, beans, pulses and dried fruit all over the world (Duarte et al., 2010). It has been detected also in products such as wine, beer and grape juice (Sage et al., 2002). It occurs in kidney, liver and blood from farm animals by transfer from animal feed (Zain, 2011). Ochratoxin B (OTB) is the non-chlorinated analogue of ochratoxin A, being produced in a 1:5 ratio (Harris and Mantle, 2001), by the same strands of Aspergillus and Penicillium …show more content…

They do this by reacting with components of the ribosomes: the structure within the cell where proteins are made. The specific site of action of T-2 toxin, which is a reaction with a critical site on the ribosomal RNA (rRNA), is known. Compared with some of the other mycotoxins such as aflatoxin, the trichothecenes do not appear to require metabolic activation to exert their biological activity. After direct dermal application or oral ingestion, the trichothecene mycotoxins can cause rapid irritation to the skin or intestinal mucosa. In cell-free systems or single cells in culture, these mycotoxins cause a rapid inhibition of protein synthesis and polyribosomal disaggregation. Thus, the trichothecene mycotoxins have molecular capability of direct reaction with cellular …show more content…

culmorum. Studies have shown that DON can withstand a very high temperature within the interval of 170C to 350C, however, DON levels may be reduced especially in boiling, for example, it was discovered that DON levels are reduced in cooked pasta and noodles because of leaching into the cooking water (Manthey et al.,

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While it did kill any plant life exposed to it, Agent Orange also destroyed the lives of many

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Because of its ability to affect a wide range of fungi, TTO may also affect fusarium euwallacea and prevent the PSHB from being able to cultivate it within the tree xylem. I hypothesize that TTO will act as a natural fungicide and prevent or lessen the severity of fusarium dieback on infested trees. The independent variable is the percent amount of fungicide recommended used on a tree, and the dependent variable is amount of fungus present in the

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It was used to damage forest area, the leaves, and crops where Vietcong troops were hiding. Agent Orange made it easier for United States troops to see what was going on. In the end, “Many would blame Agent Orange for cancers suffered by Vietnamese civilians and American veterans” (Danzer 945). Since Agent Orange contains dioxin, a deadly chemical, it caused many severe health problems worldwide. “They included cancers, birth defects, rashes, and severe psychological and neurological problems” (“Agent Orange 1”).

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Agent Orange consisted of two different herbicides 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T ( America’s Most Lethal Secret Agent). The government did not want their war tactic to get out to the public so they called it Operation Ranch Hand (Agent Orange). The first time Operation Ranch Hand took place was on January thirteenth nineteen sixty-two. Operation Ranch Hand was used for almost a decade.

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50,000 tons of Agent Orange were evenly distributed over 3 million acres in South Vietnam. This dispersed over 500 pounds of deadly dioxin. The military used 27 times more herbicide per unit area than most domestic applications, and the dioxins emitted from this overabundance of herbicide created health concerns and risks for veterans, and their families. Other chemicals with the same effect were used in

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Developing fetuses are hypersensitive to the dioxins. Exposure to dioxins causes miscarriages, spina bifida, and other numerous health problems with the fetal development of the brain and nervous system. Dioxin was not intentionally added to the compound. It was merely a byproduct produced during the process of manufacturing, but the chemical companies that produced the Vietnam-era herbicides say they were not fully aware of how toxic the dioxin contaminant was so they accelerated the production. Dioxin was also found in varying concentrations in all the different herbicides used, but TCDD was only found in Agent Orange.

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Agent Orange is a dioxin, defoliant, and a mix of herbicides that have affected many people for the past 4 generations. During the Vietnam War the US military decided to spray this dioxin in the jungles of Vietnam and the Korean demilitarized zone to remove trees and dense tropical foliage that provided enemy cover. From the Vietnam War until now, many lives have been ruined and harmed due to Agent Orange and the people who have been exposed to this chemical have either had kids with birth defects or have obtained a disease or sickness as they age and through scientific research it was found that Agent Orange was the cause of these occurrences. Due to the many horrific damages from Agent Orange the US Congress had created the Agent Orange act of 1991 in order to help those who are eligible, receive certain benefits. Today I 'm going to be telling you several reasons why the Agent Orange Act of 1991 should be renewed for the next 5 years.

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It remained toxic for only days or weeks and then degraded,[i] but it had a toxic contaminant, dioxin, that did not degrade as readily and is still causing health problems in Vietnam”(“What is Agent Orange”). Due to this it’s understood what Agent Orange is made out of and provides information as to what lead to the medical problems in the people in Vietnam and anyone affiliated with it and how long each specific chemical lasted. Just as everything has a name, Agent Orange had a story behind the naming, “More than 19 million gallons of various “rainbow” herbicide combinations were sprayed, but Agent Orange was the combination the U.S. military used most often. The name “Agent Orange” came from the orange identifying stripe used on the 55-gallon drums in which it was stored”(“Facts about Herbicides”). This helps to show how much of the chemical was sprayed, leading to a visual of how much area could have been affected.

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Agent Orange contained a deadly chemical known as dioxin. Dioxin is a type of environmental pollutant and is a part of a group of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) nicknamed “the dirty dozen”. Dioxins have a highly toxic potential and are known to damage several organs over time. They last a long time once they’re in the body due to their stable molecular structure, ability to be absorbed into the fat tissue, and half life of 7 to 11 years. Agent Orange was originally created by Dr. Arthur W. Galston, a botanist who researched chemical compounds that controlled plant growth.

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