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Amnesia And Episodic Memory

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Amnesia can be defined as “the loss of memory due to physical and/or psychological conditions” (Chara and Chara, 2013). It is often attributed to memory loss for a specific period of time. There are different types of amnesia, including organic, psychogenic, transient and persistent (Baddeley, Kopelman, and Wilson 2003). Often two different types of memory functioning are exhibited in amnesia, anterograde and retrograde. Anterograde memory is information that is gained following the onset of an injury or disease, and retrograde memory is the information that was obtained before the event happened (Baddeley at al., 2003). Other aspects of memory can also be affected by amnesia, including, long-term, declarative or non-declarative, implicit …show more content…

They question the “Multiple Trace Theory” and the “Cognitive Map Theory”. The “Multiple Trace Theory” elucidates that a “functional relation” between episodic and semantic memory are under the control of the hippocampus, while the “Cognitive Map Theory” says that ‘allocentric spatial map’ (which is a “representation encoding relations between objects, independent of the observer’s opinion”), is stored in the hippocampus, and it has been argued that “hippocampal trace access” is required to recall an event (Gomez, Rousset and Charnallet, 2011). Gomez, Rousett and Charnallet (2011) tested M.R on his ability to process “egocentric-updating of spatial information” in order to find the role of the “egocentric-updating representation” for episodic memory, and to test the “Multiple Trace Theory” hypothesis, which suggests that episodic memory has a particular role in allocentric representation. The main aims of the study were to provide insight into spatial deficits that are observed after a bilateral hippocampal lesion that involves temporo-parietal structures and to assess ego-centric updating with “self-motion representation and allocentric representation” (Gomez, Rousset and Charnallet, 2011). Patient M.R. was compared to controls and was tested on motor path reproduction tasks and path reproduction drawing tasks. It was hypothesised by the researchers that M.R. would be unable to process idiothetic information (internal cues) through either task. The results of the study revealed that M.R. fell within the impaired range when he was asked to learn the task on the basis of idiothetic information. He was also found to fall within the impaired range in the allothetic encoding condition (external cues), but this was only apparent when he needed to depend on idiothetic

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They are called, Long term memory and Short term memory/working memory. With Long term memory, you are able to remember things from your past and past events as well as key terms that you may have learned in the past. An example of this in my life would be, remembering knowledge that I first learned in school and still being able to remember it, such as my multiplication table. The second one, Short term memory/working memory would be used when you are only remembering some information and using it for a short time frame. Working memory would be when you are using both short term and long term to do sudden actions.

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With this damage comes the failure of memory to encode and store. Retrograde Amnesia is the inability to recall memories before the amnesia the procedural memories are not effected either, but able to develop and encode new long term memories. This is caused by damage to the temporal lobe and prefrontal cortex part of the brain. 
 Memory is important to everyday life, so it is important to enhance and preserve one’s memory. One can enhance memory through good nutrition, physical exercise, and adequate sleep (Memory Loss..2015).

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Declarative (explicit) memory is the memory of facts/events that can be consciously recalled. When it comes to these memories, the hippocampus is critical for memory formation. Additionally, the hippocampus plays a vital role in short-term memory which is necessary for long-term memory to be established. On the other hand, non-declarative (implicit) memory is the memory of skills and how to do things. One case that shows we know that the hippocampus is not necessary to form new non-declarative (implicit) memory is Henry Molaison who appeared to have anterograde amnesia.

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Hello Professor and classmates, The episodic memory typically focuses on your memories events that happened to you personally; it allows you to travel backward in subjective time to reminisce about earlier episodes in your life (Matlin, 2012). This can include your memory for something that occurred more then 10 years ago. An example of an episodic memory would be something such as the 9/11 attacks. Where you were and whom you were around when you learned of what had happened.

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Moreover, “a behavioural syndrome results showing not only semantic-memory impairment but also particular difficulty remembering past events as personal happenings” (Tulving, 1989). Lastly, in Endel Tulving’s conclusion to his article he states “traditionally held views about the unity of memory are no longer tenable. A more appropriate view seems to be that of multiple memory systems. Remembering one’s past is a different, perhaps more advanced, achievement of the brain than simply knowing about it” ( Tulving,

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This concept, that when people who have anterograde amnesia are surrounded by people they love they are able to remember better, is something that psychologist have been looking into in more recent years and found

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In this essay I am going to look at Psychogenic Amnesia (PA) and Organic Amnesia (OA),

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People suffer traumatic memory loss worldwide. Memory loss comes in many different forms and types. Amnesiac problems can be acute or one might experience a total loss of memory. The type of issues one may have depends on the type of injury or trauma one endured. It is even possible to have a global amnesia issue if a vascular disease occurred and spread rapidly.

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Being part of the British Empire before independence, Australia and India share a common history which make both of them part of the Commonwealth of Nations. Both are secular and multi-ethnic democracies having unrestricted press and an autonomous judiciary. India and Australia have been co-operating in various multilateral fora like G-20, ASEAN Regional Forum, Asia Pacific Partnership on Climate and Clean Development and IORA. Australia backs India’s candidature in the UN Security Council. Both countries also work together as members of the Five Interested Parties (FIP) in WTO.

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Functional or psychogenic amnesia is caused by an emotional shock such as being the victim of a brutal crime, sexual abuse and child abuse. Fundamentally, any unbearable life event that causes extreme psychological stress and internal dispute could be the cause of functional or psychogenic

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This is what other researchers have thought of too, and therefore a conclusion was made that additional processes have been taking place as well. Another strength is that there is neuropsychological evidence for this model as a patient, HM (Milner, 1966) underwent surgery which impaired his hippocampus and in turn affected his long-term memory as it no longer functioned properly, whereas his short-term memory was rather functional. Due to this we can conclude that these two processes are involved in the process of memory, as one of the stores was affected when the brain was damaged but the other was not (Baddeley, 2009).

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It is very hard for people who have had an injury to forget how to do nondeclarative habits or procedures. Declarative memory, on the other hand,

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The biological approach to the basis of memory is explained in terms of underlying biological factors such as the activity of the nervous system, genetic factors, biochemical and neurochemicals. In general terms memory is our ability to encode, store, retain and recall information and past experiences afterwards in the human brain. In biological terms, memory is the recreation of past experiences by simultaneous activation or firing of neurons. Some of the major biopsychological research questions on memory are what are the biological substrates of memory, where are memories stored in the brain, how are memories assessed during recall and what is the mechanism of forgetting. The two main reasons that gave rise to the interest in biological basis of memory are that researchers became aware of the fact that many memory deficits arise from injuries to the brain.

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To start with the basis of understanding the memory, one must know that memories are stored in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. In a recent fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) study over the past decade, researchers found that the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex have decreased in activity. The memory is a constructive surface and not so much reproductive. It can be distorted by being influenced by bias, association, imagination and peer pressure. As one goes to recall an event, the brain will now associate that memory with what is happening around them at the time of the recall.

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One famous case of amnesia supporting Squire's view is patient H.M. (Scoville & Milner, 1957), who had parts of his left and right temporal lobe, hippocampus, amygdala and surrounding areas of both removed. He developed severe anterograde amnesia, the inability to learn new information, resulting in an almost completely absent short-term memory storage. He also had moderate retrograde amnesia, unable to remember information between 3 to 11 years prior to his surgery, but with other long-term memories unaffected. Explaining this, Squire argued that memories are consolidated in the hippocampus, easily disrupted by trauma during this. They become less dependent on the hippocampus with time, eventually being stored in the neocortex (Alvarez &

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