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Racial inequality in education system
School to prison pipeline literature review
Causes and effects of the school-to-prison pipeline
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Disproportionate discipline refers to the tendency of students who belongs to a particular demographic group, who are more prone to face harsher or more exclusionary discipline compared to students who belong to other demographic groups even when committing a comparable offense. Although this phenomenon has existed for centuries, activist groups like Black Lives Matter, a group that campaigns against violence and systemic racism toward black people, has recently shed light on this issue. That would be an ideal reason to select this book. However, I chose this book for a more personal reason. In Being Bad: My Baby Brother and the School-to-Prison Pipeline, the author, Crystal Laura tell the story of her younger brother, Chris, and his journey from systems of education to systems of criminal justice.
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY Alexander, M. (2012). The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness (Rev. ed.). New York, NY: The New Press. Michelle Alexander in her book, "The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness" argues that law enforcement officials routinely racially profile minorities to deny them socially, politically, and economically as was accustomed in the Jim Crow era.
Annotated Bibliography Alexander, M. (2010). The new Jim Crow: Mass incarceration in the age of colorblindness. New York: The New Press. Alexander opens up on the history of the criminal justice system, disciplinary crime policy and race in the U.S. detailing the ways in which crime policy and mass incarceration have worked together to continue the reduction and defeat of black Americans.
McCarter describes thoroughly the consequences STPP has on the nation’s school-age youth, including but not limited to increased exposure the criminal justice system, and gives solutions that schools can implement that will hopefully limit the overwhelming amount of students coming in contact with the STPP. The article proves that zero tolerance policies are not conducive to a safe school environment and does not foster a safe learning climate for
The literature review clearly has shown that there is a phenomenon called School to Prison, Schoolhouse to Jailhouse, or Public Education to Prison Pipeline. Therefore, Jeremy Thompson (2016) says, “Zero-tolerance policies in schools result in high suspension rates and expulsion rates among students in general, but disproportionately affect minority students, especially African-Americans because students who have been suspended or expelled are more likely than not to end up in the Criminal Justice
The school to prison pipeline is a term used to describe the increased presence of law enforcement in schools, the use of law enforcement or judicial system to deal with minor student misconduct, and the policy of Zero Tolerance policy criminalizing minor school rule infraction in schools in low socioeconomic areas (Cole,2017). After watching several videos like Unraveling Zero Tolerance, The school-to-prison pipeline, explained, and School to Prison Pipeline, reading online news article like The school to prison pipeline, explained, Fact Sheet: How Bad Is the School-to-Prison Pipeline?, and movies like Lean On Me, Moonlight, Freedom Writers, Stand and Deliver, Dangerous Minds and 187, I recognize that the school to prison pipeline is a major issue. The topic is relayed in four ways in writing, charts, graphs and verbally. In all the aforementioned movies, troubled schools and minorities are a familiar subject.
Is it fair that an African American man is sentenced up to life in prison for possession of drugs when Brock Turner is sentenced to only 14 years, later to be reduced to six months for sexually assaulting an unconscious women. The judiciary system are believed to have a high african american incarceration rate as a result of discrimination. At a presidential debate on Martin Luther King Day, President Barack Obama said that “Blacks and whites are arrested at very different rates, are convicted at very different rates, and receive very different sentences… for the same crime.” Hillary Clinton said the “disgrace of a criminal-justice system that incarcerates so many more african americans proportionately than whites.”
The school-to-prison pipeline also tends to affect students differently based on a range of characteristics, “Poor, minority children and those with disabilities are overrepresented in this population of students; misunderstood and rejected by their schools as too difficult to teach, they are sent to “alternative” placements for their behavior” (Cole and Cohen 2013). These are traits which the school should not view as negatively, resulting in using the zero-tolerance policy to get rid of the problem. Instead the school should help the individuals even more by offering services so they have the best chance to succeed. There are racial disparities within the criminal justice system, which fuel the stereotypical notions that the minorities are
The Huffington Post says, “The U.S. incarcerates nearly seven times as many people, measured as a share of population, as Canada does. People of color are disproportionately represented in the American prison population and are typically punished more severely than white peers for the same crimes” (Daniel Marans). Racism against people of color has caused them to be represented poorly in society as potential criminals, especially black. MIT informs its viewers that “according to the United States census Bureau, blacks are twice as likely to be poor compared to other races, and eight times as likely to be imprisoned. Blacks are also three times more likely to be convicted of drug violations than whites.
There are many open wounds in the African-American community that have not healed what so ever. Disintegration of family structures in the African-American community has been a persistent problem for far too long. High out of wedlock birth rates, absent fathers, and the lack of a family support network for many young African-Americans have led to serious problems in America's urban areas. The persistence of serious social problems in inner-city areas has led to a tragic perpetuation of racial prejudice as well. African Americans still face a litany of problems in the 21st century today.
According to the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), students of color are more likely to be suspended or expelled from school than their white peers and are more likely to be referred to law enforcement for school-based offenses (ACLU, 2021). Students with disabilities are also disproportionately affected by this pipeline, according to the National Disability Rights Network (NDRN), students with disabilities are more likely to experience exclusionary discipline practices than their non-disabled peers (NDRN, 2021). It is evident that the school-to-prison pipeline is an issue of inequality. It contributes to systemic oppression and discrimination in schools. School should be a safe place where students feel welcome and respected, not a place of inequality and
The source of the difference is no secret. African Americans have been subject to a long history of social and economic oppression and disadvantage; they have experienced higher levels of poverty and lower levels of education than white Americans. After the Brown decision in 1954, the federal government and many states adopted policies to redress the past inequities, but those systems were insufficient to overcome generations of racism, which limited access to jobs and education. Despite significant progress in expanding educational access, education attainment, and economic opportunities for black citizens in the past half century, blacks continue to agonize. African Americans face many trials such as being disproportionately poor and attending racially isolated communities, where children are likely to be exposed to violence, gangs, and drug
For years now there has been a lot of controversy involving the looming question: Is the criminal justice system racist? Racism is prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism directed against someone of a different race based on the belief that one 's own race is superior. Ever since the Trayvon Martin case of 2012, the justice system has been in a complete downfall including all of the police brutality cases since then also. According to sources, 1 of every 4 African American males born this decade are expected to go to prison in their lifetime. Census Bureau reports that the U.S. is 13 percent percent black, 61 percent white, and 17 percent latino.
Schooling: Although education is taught in schools, schools have a very different role than education as previously discussed. Schools should be the institutions in which our students are able to partake in a well-rounded curriculum-based education. Schools are the institution that should foster a physically and emotionally safe environment where students are able to express their developing ideas and emotions. This type of environment creates an academically nurturing atmosphere where students are allowed to express new ideas about their education but also a place where they can discuss their views on the world events around them. School institutions are a place that students are able to relate social events happening in the world.
It wasn 't just students and their parents - civil rights groups got involved, as did educators, and even juvenile judges sounded alarm at the number of young people who came out of zero tolerance with arrest records and other disciplinary millstones around their necks. The Obama Justice Department has also pressed school districts to find alternatives to arrest and expulsion. In recent years, Florida has indeed changed its approach - a 2009 amendment puts more discretion in the hands of school administrators to discipline students. A number of counties have also set up alternative sanctions for infractions - counseling, community service and other rehabilitative programs aim to help students improve their behavior, unlike expulsion, which left students to wander the streets during the day, fall behind on school work and get into even more trouble.
