Belk's Theory Of Materialism

Appendix A: Annotated Bibliography

Ahuvia, A. C., & Wong, N. Y. (2002). Personality and values based materialism: Their relationship and origins. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 12(4), 389-402. doi:10.1207/15327660260382414 The causes of materialism were defined by the work of both Belk and Richins. Belk 's ideas on materialism emphasizes the importance of personality. He identified four personality traits: envy, non-generosity, possessiveness, and preservation that can cause materialism. But Richins defines materialism as a personal value. Ahuvia and Wong surveyed 287 undergraduates from American colleges who completed surveys on personal values, materialism, personality materialism, deprivation during childhood and adolescence, life

50 American undergraduate students rated photos based on pleasantness.?Multiple images of luxury items or scenes with no luxury items were shown. They then completed a survey that measured materialism, positive and negative influences, and if they wanted to interact with other people. Results supported the hypotheses that luxury images or cueing could create materialistic ways of thinking that influenced?interaction with others, increased competitiveness and mistrust, and decreased feelings of personal responsibility, and how they feel about themselves. Seeing luxury items resulted in increased desire to buy more, competitiveness, and selfishness. Images without luxury items lead to less materialism and increased in interaction with other people. This shows that materialism creates increased consumerism in materialistic people, and those who are exposed to cues such as pictures of luxury items. The findings relate to an article by Cartwright and Opree (2016) because it supports the ideas that images and commercials can increase materialism. This article was important because my thesis emphasizes the harmful role of advertising and images of luxury products in increasing

401 adult participants in the United States all had the same procedure of being given 10 minutes of free time on the internet before either figuring out their future hourly wage after graduation; figuring out previous years? income; given nonsensical mathematical computations to complete, listening to a song, or get paid 50 cents for their time. The results supported the researchers? hypotheses, which found that thinking about one 's income as an hourly wage decreased the happiness that participants got from spending time on the Internet or listening to a happy song. The results also showed that people were less impatient when they were offered money for their time spent. Essentially, if people believe they should be paid, then they get impatient during unpaid fun activities. This paper was supported by Caruso et al. (2013) research on the effect of money and happiness. This article was important and contributed to my thesis paper because it addressed issues of thinking about money, its relation to impatience and how these thoughts interfere with happiness and fun. The article affirmed the many harmful effects of over-valuing money and