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Annotated Bibliography: The Freedom Riders

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Annotated Bibliography - The Freedom Riders Peck, Jim. “Special Freedom Ride Edition.” CORE-Lator, vol. 89, May 1961, pp. 1–4. This source names CORE Freedom Riders and covers the journey of the Freedom Riders. This source is useful because it describes the routes that each bus of Freedom Riders took. Holmes, Marian, director. The Freedom Riders History. Youtube.com, Smithsonian Magazine, 23 Feb. 2010, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1zBY6gkpbTg. The video gives a summary of the Freedom Rider movement. The only useful part might be the quote from Martin Luther King Jr. Holmes, Marian. “The Freedom Riders, Then and Now.” Smithsonian.com, 1 Feb. 2009, www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-freedom-riders-then-and-now-45351758/. This article talks …show more content…

Freedom Riders: 1961 and the Struggle for Racial Justice. Oxford University Press, 2011. This book covers a number of topics involving the Freedom Rides.This is very useful because it has a lot of good information on the Freedom Rides. Fischer, David H. and James M. McPherson Eds. Freedom Riders: 1961 and the Struggle for Racial Justice. Oxford University Press, 2011. Archer, Jules. The Incredible Sixties: the Stormy Years That Changed America. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1986. It recounts the acts of violence against the Freedom Riders as they traveled south. It will be useful for describing some of the many struggles the Freedom Riders had to endure. Gitlin, Todd. The Sixties: Years of Hope, Days of Rage. Bantam Books, 1993. The book has several pages of information on the Freedom Riders written as a first hand account. This will be useful because it will provide an interesting view of the Freedom Rides. The Americans. Reconstruction to the 21st Century. McDougal Littell, 2005. This just has a short summary of the Freedom Rides. This source isn’t useful because it does not have enough detailed information. History.com Staff. “Freedom Riders.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 2010,

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The Freedom Ride of 1965 was organised by Charles Perkins, who was one of only two Aboriginal students at Sydney University, after he observed the way that Aboriginal people were treated. He was an Aboriginal man from Northern Territory who had experienced racial discrimination throughout his childhood, having been sent away from his parents at a young age. It is predicted that Charles Perkins was motivated to organise the Freedom Ride and demonstrations around New South Wales after observing the way Aboriginal people were treated. Charles Perkins and the Freedom Riders were successful in promoting the cause due to the media coverage that they received and it lead to both long term and short term change as it affected the way that people viewed

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By the early 1960s, African Americans had seen gains made through organized campaigns that placed its participants in harm’s way but also garnered attention for their plight. One such campaign, the 1961 Freedom Rides, resulted in vicious beatings for many participants, but resulted in the Interstate Commerce Commission ruling that ended the

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Gateway to Freedom: The Hidden History of the Underground Railroad by Eric Foner. He was the DeWitt Clinton Professor of history at Columbia University, is one of the country’s prominent historian. Foner received his doctoral degree from Columbia University. This book focuses on abolitionism. For example, the organization the New York City American Anti-Slavery Society, they wanted to get rid of slavery without physically harming the slaves, to get rid of prejudice towards the slaves and any unequal laws against them.

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There were many changes that occurred in the 1960’s in specifically in the goals, strategies, and support of the movement for African American civil rights. While the movement started as peaceful, as the years went along,

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The freedom riders proved a point to show the strength of the black race, but caused a divide as the white race became threatened and ---more

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Retrieved from The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History:

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Throughout the Freedom Rides, the authorities never really helped the riders. They would begin to protect them and wind up abandoning the group when the whites would come to attack. These attacks wouldn’t be stopped until Attorney General Kennedy sent large amounts of marshals to stop the violence. Kennedy seemed to be one of the only ones who wanted to help protect the riders, so when they were under attack they would call him and ask for his help. He would send federal marshals, who actually at one riot, filled the white mob with tear gas.

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The images of arrest, scenes of raw racial hatred, violence and extraordinary courage on the part of Civil Rights activist had made riveting television. In particular, this was highly noticeable with the Little Rock Nine in 1957, the Freedom Rides in the summer of 1961 and the March on Selma in 1965 would magnetically attract cameras and living-room viewers. As a

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The beatings and bombings, leaving riders “on the ground around the bus, coughing and bleeding” took place in the heart of the south, states such as Alabama, Louisiana, and their major cities. One of the most hard core attacks was one received once the freedom riders arrived to Montgomery, where they were met by a mob of more than 1,000 whites. Another attack took place right outside of Alabama in the city of Anniston, where white supremacists set one of the freedom riders buses on fire. The freedom riders then began to gain national support, along with support from one of the most renowned Civil Rights leaders MLK Jr., and president Robert F. Kennedy. These abominable attacks will never be justified, but were able to prove with the help of individuals willing to risk it all for

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Political Law enforcements and extremist groups were involved in protests. In Jackson, Riders attempted to use “whites only” locations then were arrested for Breach of Peace and Refusal to Obey and Officer. Kennedy called the Riders “unpatriotic,” because they embarrassed the nation as images reflected the damages. Local officials decided no pictures of harmed Freedom Riders would occupy front pages on media. Social The Freedom Riders illustrated an evolution in the strategies used during the Civil Rights Movement.

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Black Newark residents protested their exclusion from public spaces led by individuals like Harold Lett (31)”. Many African Americans experienced prejudice and segregation at home while fighting against fascism overseas in World War

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The​ Freedom Rides are a group of mix races (​ African­American and white), they traveled in bus going through American South to protest segregation. CORE (Congress Of Racial Equality) is the one who ask the Freedom Riders to go protest American South. The Riders only use “whites­only” restrooms and lunch counters and white Riders would use “colored­only” restrooms and lunch counters. This led to violence against white protester this cause nationwide attention.

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The filmmaker Stanley Nelson has a stunning accomplishment in “Freedom Riders,” a documentary that chronicles a crucial, devastating episode of the civil rights movement, an episode whose gruesome visuals impinged on the perception of American liberty around the world. Commemorating the 50th anniversary of the freedom rides, the film (to be shown Monday on PBS) is a story of ennobled youth and noxious hatred, of decided courage and inexplicable brutality. In May 1961 the Congress of Racial Equality sought to challenge the segregation of interstate travel on public transport and sent forth activists, both black and white, and many of them students, on a bus journey through the South, where they were received with violence that law enforcers

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In Anniston, Alabama, one bus was firebombed and its passengers were forced to flee for their lives. Australia- The Freedom Rides in Australia began when Charles Perkins planned a bus trip to bring awareness to racial discrimination in country communities. Indigenous people were forced to live on the outskirts of their town in missions and reserves. In those communities, there were immensely poor conditions, no plumbing or electricity to name a few.

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The women 's movement faces the dilemma of the ceiling glass, and it is inevitable as Casey Hayden and Mary King explain in Sex and Caste: A Kind of Memo published in 1965. The ceiling glass theory, essentially is that a group has set goals but will not be able to able to achieve their goals because of people, values, and or the state imposing or destabilizing the group. As for the women 's movement, change is possible but we don’t see the glass because there is no legitimate way to explain why society treats women a certain way. Both authors agree that when came to the topic of women oppression, amongst conversion between other women were recurrent issues and similar themes in terms of their personal life. And even beyond this women 's

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