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Arnold Gesell's Theories Of Teaching And Learning

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1.0 Introduction As everyone knows, a child’s growth and development can be divided into five stages which are infancy, early childhood, childhood, early adolescence and adolescence. Each stage has own level of physical, cognitive, social, emotional, and moral aspect. It is important for teachers to know as it is useful for them to plan activities that are suitable for different level of students. Therefore, teachers should get more knowledge on children that are at different stages. 2.0 Theories of physical development and its implications towards teaching and learning in primary school Arnold Gesell and Robert Havighurst are the theorists for physical development. There are three major consumptions in Gesell’s theory which are development …show more content…

As everyone knows, there is a close connection between cognitive development and language development. Vygotsky believed that as children develop language, they actively build a symbol system, which helps them to understand the world (Close, 2010). He viewed language as developing the cognitive of children. Vygotsky’s theory views the important effect that an adult has on the development of language and it describes the importance of Zone of Proximal Development which refers to tasks that are difficult for children to master alone but that can be master with assistance from other people. The assistance is known as scaffolding. In order for children to understand a thing and solve it, language that is being used is important. Thus, parents or teachers should use proper language level when they are speaking with children. Vygotsky believed that children who engaged in large amounts of private speech are more socially competent than children who do not use it …show more content…

This means that students should listen to their friend’s ideas during group activity. Those who listen well will be getting reinforcement from teacher. Aside from this, teachers should ensure their class exhibit awareness and support moral and universal issues (Haliza, Joy & Rafidah, 2008). This can be done by being aware of current issues that involve moral and emotional values. It is also important to make sure that students can differentiate between laws that secure safety and laws that values moral. Teachers can also help students to evaluate their problems. For example, they can discuss openly with others about their emotional problems such as feelings of jealousy towards siblings and peers, prejudism, feelings of isolation and being mocked (Haliza, Joy & Rafidah,

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What are some important features of young children’s education? Piaget’s theory and Vygotsky’s theory and their difference of opinions were interesting to compare. Piaget’s theory that children develop their thinking and understanding through their actions with the physical world compared to Vygotsky’s theory that children develop their thinking and understanding through their social experiences I think social experiences have a higher influencing factor on a child’s development. “Buds” and “Flowers” Vygotsky referred to these two items as how children develop by having interaction

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Every child in the UK are entitled to have an education from the age of 5 till 18. This does not necessarily mean through schooling, You can have a choice of either a state or independent school but could even choose home school education A child will receive a full time education, depending on their age, ability and any special needs they may have. In the EYES years, which are preschool till reception,(age2-5) you are entitled to 30 hours free education a week.

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Vygotsky believed in the use of language and play in the cognitive

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In the contemporary times, great importance is given to the significance of early years of a child’s life. It is widely acknowledged now-a-days that the early childhood years are a predominantly receptive phase in the developmental process. This stage is responsible to lay a foundation in early days and later years for cognitive functioning, learning process, physical wellbeing, and self-regulatory capacities in both personal and social lives. In simple words, “the period from birth to age 5 is one of opportunity and vulnerability for healthy physical, emotional, social, and cognitive development” (Karoly, Kilburn & Cannon, 2005). However, it is also a fact that many children go through several stressors during their developmental years due to which their healthy development may be impaired.

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The famous Swiss developmental psychologist, Jean Piaget in his theory also become our main source of theory to study about child development and changed the way we think about how children develop. His theory was important because he saw children as an active participants in their own learning. Between the four stages that have been stated in this Piaget theory, it is important to know which are the main stage that playing a crucial role because from there we know which one is shaping the most of development of a child. 1.1 The influence of nature versus nurture on child development.

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I agree with and will use Vygotsky belief that language is a way for children to exchange ideas with adults and their peers and that it is vital for cognitive development. Also Vygotsky theory that I found useful is that social activities provide the seeds from which complex cognitive processes can

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Conversely, Vygotsky disputed that the culture in which a person lives also plays a substantial part in cognitive development. Vygotsky believed that a child’s cognitive development was stimulated by the interaction of the child and its social environment (Vygotsky, 1987). Vygotsky also believed that children’s use of speech also influenced their cognitive abilities (Martin, Carlson & Buskist, 2010). Vygotsky stated that language was the basis for cognitive development, including the ability to remember, solve problems, make decisions and formulate plans (Martin, Carlson & Buskist, 2010). Studies have shown that children who use speech when met with difficult tasks are more focussed and show better improvement in cognitive performance then those who are less talkative (Behrend et al., 1992).

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Through this knowledge, the teacher can presume how children of a particular age group will act, what they are capable of doing and what they are not likely able to do. Consequently, the teacher can devise activities rather confidently by taking all these aspects into consideration. At this stage, the teacher can take advantage of the windows of opportunity for the child’s growth. In other words, the teacher benefits from the sensitive period of a child’s development to provide him with enriching activities; the best period for the child to learn and develop further. In addition, what the children learn should be relevant to their environment and life experiences.

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Child development is an area of significant interest to professionals who deal with children on a daily basis. It is through child development theorists and their theories that we begin to form an understanding of how children develop emotionally and socially to become fully grown adults in society with a moral and emotional compass/. Teachers need to study child development in order to provide developmentally appropriate educational experiences for children. Health professionals also need to understand this area to support children in their physical, social, emotional and cognitive journey to becoming functioning adults in society. Childhood is a concept that is affected by social context and also by history. Here in the West childhood was not always considered to be a fundamental developmental phase in life with children in Victorian times working from as early as the age of four.

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Many theorists discuss ways in which children are developing. Physically, emotionally, socially and language progressions. Within the early childhood sector, the study of children's development is vividly important as teachers learn to observe the children's individual learning patterns and habits. The practical knowledge of how to develop a child further will assist in utilising the children's skills and holistic development to their fullest potential, however, knowing how to practically aid children in the separate developmental domains is also key as individual kids need more help in some areas than others.

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Therefore, students need to be helped perform at their level of ability in order to succeed. Building a strong parent-teacher relationship will benefit the three participants; the parent, the teacher and most importantly, the child him/herself (Holdaway, 1979). Continuous contact and help from the parents will help the educator relate his/her classroom environment with what the students experience within their home environment. Therefore, this puts the responsibility on all the adults present in the child’s life to ensure that the experiences that the child is facing are helping him/her extend his/her learning achievement (Dombro,

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Vygotsky mentioned that the “gap” between what learners can do easily and what learners can do with the help of a more knowledgeable other based on his concept of Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD). Thus, the most effective learning takes place when the task given to the learners is a level higher than the learners’ actual knowledge (i+1). Knowledge is best transferred when the teacher co-operates and discuss with the learners. The importance of scaffolding is its contribution to the teacher-learning relationship. It focuses on the role of teacher and learners which are distinct but complementary in the learning context (Gibbons, 2002).

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Crain and Lillo-Martin state that “language is not a concrete set of things out in the world that we can point out to or measure rather; it is something inside our brains and minds”. The LAD in a child’s mind will eventually help the child to make sense of the language that develops through social interactions and experience. The LAD within the child’s brain makes it easy for them to understand the language. This claim is in coherence with Bruner (1957) who claims that, “Children are not little grammarians, motivated to decode the syntax of the language around them through the operation of their LAD, but social beings who acquire language in the service of their needs to communicate with others”. I second this statement because I believe that the acquisition of language is innate but the development of the language is parallel with what the child’ experiences and social interaction with their family, school, society.

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Having the right knowledge, skills and experience in understanding how children or young people develop are very important tools for early years practitioners. We must put to mind that each child born to this world is unique; they are born with different characters and their personalities and behaviours are formed and influenced by variety of factors. These factors may affect their ways of interacting to the environment and community or setting in which they live in. In my experience as a child care practitioner most of the time, adults mainly focus on the physical development of a child and so quick to base their conclusion or judgement on the physical aspect.

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A teacher could bring positive or negative energy to the students that someday will bring him to become a teacher to follow or to avoid by the students. The teachers also play an important role in

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