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Attachment Theory In John Bowl's Ghosts From The Nursery

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After reading the book “Ghosts from the nursery: Tracing the roots of violence” infants, let alone the fetus are not exempt from outside environments. John Bowl theorized that attachment theory is bondings with caregivers, particularly with mothers are very essential. The inquiry shows time alone with the baby immediately after birth has lasting consequences of interactions between.

Furthermore, the most critical time for fetuses and infants are in the first nine months in the womb and the first 33 months of life. Science has shown, the first 17 to 19 weeks of conception a baby can have anywhere between 100 to 200 billion active basic brain cells.

Consequently, this could also depend on the environmental experience exposed to the fetus. …show more content…

First, its essential both caretaking between a child and parent take place. Parents are responsible for teaching their offspring the impact of both positive and negative behaviors on others. As a result even though children are different and have individual personalities and temperaments direct teaching by good parenting modals should reproduce empathetic values. Furthermore, the foundation of empathy occurs in one way in the early months of infancy where the caregiver responds quickly and in a comforting manner to an infant. No doubt, empathetic behaviors play a key role in prevention of antisocial behaviors according to Dr. Patricia Brennan. Second, Dr. Charles Golden explores blunt trauma to the frontal lobe as a common cause to antisocial behaviors. This could occur when a fetus or infant is involved in car accidents, child abuse, or physical abuse of them mother during fetal gestation. In Dr. Golden research he found socking evidence reveled as many as 30 to 50 percent of people who have criminal backgrounds sustained a brain injury to his/her frontal or temporal lobes. Thirdly, the book talks about John Bowlby and his theory on Emotional Deprivation. He studied that children are like blank slates and they seek out modals based on experiences by family and particularly on the mother. Bowlby, stresses positive attachment is the key in being proactive in the reduction in later in life antisocial …show more content…

First and foremost, incarceration is being used as a last result. This is both a positive effect for both overcrowding in incarceration facilities, but also saving money in a budget saving economy. Secondly, it’s been shown keeping the child in his / her environment and community after criminal behavior members can participate in rehabilitation in non-flight risk individuals. Thirdly the Annie E. Casey Foundation has played the leading role in reforming the criminal justice system for juveniles. Most impotently, the foundation operates on five fundamental goals, the focus is to simply reduce the dependence incarceration, focusing on preserving and enhancing public safety in communities, reduce racial inequality, budget saving practices as mention before, and encourage over all juvenile justice

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Research has consistently shown that individuals who experience adverse childhood experiences, such as abuse, neglect, or household dysfunction, are more likely to engage in criminal behavior later in life. These adverse experiences can have a lasting impact on an individual's cognitive, emotional, and social development, which in turn can influence their behavior. For example, individuals who experience neglect or abuse may struggle with issues related to trust, attachment, and self-esteem, which can lead to difficulties in forming healthy relationships or coping with stress. This can contribute to a range of negative outcomes, including substance abuse, aggression, and criminal behavior. Studies have also shown that early interventions, such as therapy or support services for at-risk youth, can help mitigate the negative effects of adverse experiences and reduce the likelihood of criminal behavior.

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Although we are studying theories, some of them appear to explain human behavior and personality with certain accuracy. John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth theories of attachment can also explain what happens to people when attachment to their parents or caregivers is healthy or potential problems that could occur due to detachments. They suggest that individuals raised with secure attachments to their primary caregivers help them to feel secure; moreover, these children appear to be more socially skilled and less likely to experience major emotional disturbances. However, failure to form healthy attachments, especially mother-child, could serve as a descriptive mechanism for many negative psychological outcomes later in the life of an individual,

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Perhaps the most influential explanation of attachment was presented by John Bowlby who began developing his ideas in the 1940s. Bowlby presented two key theories, namely the maternal deprivation hypothesis and his theory of attachment, which we shall consider here. The ideas behind these theories are closely linked. Rather than locating the child's formation of attachment within the environment as learning theories do, Bowlby argued that attachment was an evolved mechanism that ensured the survival of the child.

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Three or more secondary attachment figures in addition to the primary attachment figure can promote self-esteem in children, and is a psychological protective factor that can reduce the probability of mental health problems in the future.” (P.119, Attachment Theory: How to help young children acquire a secure

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In the mental health field, it is now widely accepted that the contribution of John Bowlby’s through attachment theory has been instrumental in our understanding of the impact of early childhood relationships (Karen, 1994). According to this theory, as infants, human beings depend “on a consistent nurturing relationship with one or more sensitive caregivers to develop into healthy individuals” (van Rosmalen, van der Horst, & van der Veer, 2016, p. 22). Bowlby believed that the relationship with the primary caregiver, usually the mother, determined the life-long well-being of the individual (Bowlby, 1940). In reviewing Bowlby’s contributions, the authors of the book Shattered States: Disorganised Attachment and Its Repair describe how Bowlby’s

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In 1969, John Bowlby made the connection that formed relationships and attachments to caregivers contributes to future development and growth. The attachment theory focuses on relationship association between caregivers and their children. Children who established a foundation with a caregiver despite their biological relation, gain much needed support. Establishing support, encourages a child’s development. The comfort of safety, allows children to feel secure in taking risks (Groman, 2012).

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One of the main theories in Developmental psychology is the attachment theory that was devised by Bowlby (1969) and was added to in 1973, by Mary Ainsworth. The attachment theory surrounds the bond between a primary care giver and a baby. They believe that attachment is a deep and enduring emotional bond that connects one person to another across time and space. In 1930 Bowlby worked as a psychiatrist in a children’s unit, where he treated many emotionally disturbed children, this lead him to consider the relationship between mother and child and the impact that could have on the child’s development. Bowlby believed that the attachment process was an all or nothing process and that you either were attached or were not attached.

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Many children have seen some sort of physical violence used against their mother. When a primary caregiver or parent has violence being used against them, the child is also at a higher risk of violence being used against them as well. Establishing attachment is important for children at such an early age, but when violence at home is occurring, establishing attachment may be disrupted. Having no attachment may lead to more future problems for the child and mother. Being exposed to violence at home can be detrimental to young children because of young children’s need for care and a security net from a parent or caregiver.

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John Bowlby was born in London in 1907. He studied and trained in psychoanalysis when it was still a new discipline (Crain 2011). Bowlby became interested in attachment when he undertook voluntary work at a school for maladjusted children. He began to notice a correlation between bad behaviour in children and the challenging backgrounds from which they came. It was his experience with two particular children, who came from such backgrounds, that was to shape the direction of his future career (Ainsworth 1974).

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A large proportion of the research supports the importance of attachment in early childhood and the security formed can result in certain social and behaviour characteristics. As a child develops its independence the attachment behaviour become less prominate leading to a social mature relationship. Ainsworth (1989) suggest that it never disappears and that adolescences and young adult still rely on their parent in these roles. Bowlby (1979) it is a mistake to assume as some psychoanalysts do, that the presence of attachment behaviour in adult life is pathological, regressive or reflects ‘fixation’. To Bowlby this is a biological based behaviour and a considered choice.

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Attachment and how it relates to the development of a person is a highly studied area within psychology and human services, with a focus on the causes and impacts. Attachment can be both a positive and negative experience that differs from each person and phase of life. Both Bowlby and Ainsworth conducted studies to present the concept of ‘attachment theory’ and how this is demonstrated over a person’s lifespan. It gives professionals and carers the information to why people present the way they do and the insight in how to improve outcomes and support behaviour and emotions. Attachment theory is a term used to discuss the relationship between infants and their primary caregivers.

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Since the ‘50s, Bowlby worked alone and with distinguished colleagues such as psychoanalyst James Robertson, ethologist/zoologist Robert Hinde and psychologist Mary Ainsworth on several different studies. Bowlby suggested that due to the attachment between children and their carers, children suffer loss when they are separated. Bowlby’s study with the ethologist Robert Hinde, inspired the idea that certain attachment behaviours have evolved as a survival mechanism (Bergen, 2008). The core of the theory today is that the quality of close relationships affects personality, emotional and social development not only in childhood but throughout the life of the individual (Howe, 2001). This suggests that attachment theory is effectively a biological, psychological and social theory of human development.

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Bowlby, notably researched a set of abandoned orphans and the negative effect separation from their parents had on them (Bretherton, 1992; Senior, 2013). This led him to conclude attachment formed in these years influenced one from birth to death (Chopik, Edelstein, & Fraley, 2012; Drewery, 2011) For instance, he stated that people with early attachment insecurity, are more susceptible to psychological issues such as high anxiety and riskier health behaviour (Bretherton, 1992; Cooper, et al., 2008). Ainsworth, also believed in prominence on early experiences of attachment. This alludes to her study, the Strange Situation, which focuses on children’s responses to separation and reunion events with their parents (Bretherton, 1992; Main, 2000).

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The experiment was done in a room with a one way glass to observe the infant. Different situations were given to the infant to determine the infant’s attachment style, the mother of the infant would leave the room and the infant would be left with the experimenter or the experimenter would leave the room and leave the mother and infant alone. How the infant reacts to the situation is used to determine the attachment style of the infant. Infants with secure attachment style would be distressed every time the mother would leave, the infant avoids the stranger when the mother leaves and when the mother returns the infant becomes happier. Infants with ambivalent attachment attachment style get distressed whenever the mother leaves, and avoids the stranger when left alone.

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Through factors such as cognitive development of the infant, attentive care and intimate interactions with a primary caregiver, the attachment relationship is created – shaping the infants- caregiver bond. By examining the interactions between an infant and their primary caregiver, we can identify secure, insecure and disorganized attachment (Ainsworth, 1978; Cassidy 1994); which can reveal a great deal about the relationship between the infant and attachment figure. Overall, the quality of attachment bonds formed in the early years can have long lasting effects on an infant’s emotional security and social competence; not only shaping their ability to form relationships, but laying the foundations for the social, emotional and mental development of the

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