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B. F. Skinner's Theory: Reinforcement And Conditioning

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Operant conditioning is introduced by B. F. Skinner through his theory, Skinner’s Theory, which introduced reinforcing stimulus. Despite of positive or negative the stimulus is, behaviour is likely to recur based on a reinforcer. From our findings, his contribution on this field gives a very high impact in audiology and speech sciences area of studies, to be specific. Many treatments for hearing loss and speech-language problems today was based on reinforcement and punishment method. This theory may act as an alternative way in helping the clinician to gain an accurate result during assessment. In this paper, we would like to emphasize on applying operant conditioning in managing the problem mentioned earlier.
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Overcorrection is a punishment method which may be helpful with adult aphasia patients. The process involved to reduce the unwanted behaviour need a person to correct the environmental consequences of an inappropriate act and should be followed by the right form of act (Goldfarb, 2006).
In his research paper, he did mention about Foxx and Azrin (1973) experiments on some procedures were taken to stop self-stimulatory behaviour in patients with developmental delay (DD) and ASD. Even though the outcome was not completely stop the behaviour but overall it was a positive trend. It turned out that overcorrection procedure was the most efficient in handling the related problem compared to “other four procedures included (1) physical punishment by a slap, (2) positive reinforcement for non-self -stimulatory behaviour, (3) a distasteful painted on the hand, and (4) free reinforcement” (Goldfarb, 2006). The method was the overcorrection paired with a verbal warning. After the combination occur, the warning itself was sufficient thus act as the punishment. As a result, the number of hand-mouthing, the self-stimulatory behaviour, reduced remarkably from 100 per hour to zero per

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Operant conditioning is a type of learning process where the strength of a client’s behavior is modified by reinforcement or punishment. Dr. Foxx’s work with Harry is an example of operant conditioning because of the techniques he used with different levels of consequences, for example time out and physical reinforcements. With that being said Dr. Foxx used Harrys restraints as both positive and negative reinforcements. In addition, some of the examples Dr. Foxx used to work with Harrys problem behavior

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Mr. Byrne is having trouble getting his students to listen. He is trying scolding as a punishment, but that is not working. By the end of this essay, Mr. Byrne will learn how use operant conditioning to get his seventh grade students to listen. Mr. Byrne can 't understand why scolding his seventh-grade students for disruptive classroom behaviors makes them unrulier. Mr. Byrne 's can use operant conditioning techniques to reduce disruptive behaviors and increase cooperative behaviors.

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Lucius Annaeus Seneca once said, “A sword never kills anybody; It is a tool in the killer’s hand.” Herman Webster Mudgett, also known as H. H. Holmes, was America’s first notorious serial killer and was from Chicago, Illinois during the 19th century. He mostly targeted young females and was known for his hotel where he killed most of his victims. He was eventually captured and was hanged in 1896. Due to the fact that Holmes committed many repugnant crimes while being completely aware of his actions, he should have gone to prison.

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This essay will discuss the role of ecological validity in psychological research, drawing on material from the DE100 textbook ‘Investigating Psychology’. It will begin by giving a description of what ecological validity is, and consider it in relation to different examples of research. The research used to discuss the role of ecological validity will be based around social learning and aggression, behaviourism, and memory. Firstly the study of Bandura et al. will be considered, his experiments on children copying violent behaviours using the Bobo doll experiment.

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On the other hand, non-contingent reinforcement (NCR) appears to be an antecedent intervention that will more effectively influence the client. Due to the friendly and easy methodology, this procedure will allow teachers and staff to implement this intervention without being clinically trained. Non-contingent reinforcement will allow the child to frequently gain reinforcement non contingent to the problem behavior. This will enhance the development of a more positive learning environment, along with eventually being able to develop more appropriate behaviors, especially if NCR is combined with other procedures such as differential reinforcement of alternative

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When looking at reviews on interventions used with children with asd it appears not all are effective there are features of some that are more effective than others. There has been a great level of importance placed on the key features that promote the effectiveness and that start the intervention process as early as possible that most children benefit from over 15 hours per week of intervention, the more the better. Including interventions were parents and carers can be involved. Interventions that seem to show the most affect are behavioural approaches and those that address the issues of social communication. There is no intervention that will reduce symptoms of autism, there are ones that focus on improving life skills and other abilities

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Nevertheless, Skinner points out that children learn nothing from the punishment. Instead, they may start to work out how to avoid it (Nolan & Raban, 2015). Another concept is classical conditioning (classical behaviorism) that emphasizes on the relation between stimuli and response. This concept embodies in a famous experiment, in which the food is presented to the dog when the bell rings, and the bell becomes a conditioned stimulus for the dog (Nolan & Raban, 2015). Likewise, if children receive toys in the condition that they behave well, then they will probably repeat this behavior to get the toys.

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This research study article “Dialect Awareness and Lexical Comprehension of Mainstream American English in African American English-Speaking Children” written and conducted by Jan Edwards, Megan Gross, Jianshen Chen, Maryellen C. MacDonald, David Kaplan, Megan Brown, and Mark S. Seidenberg examines the sociocultural conditions of AAE. The writers hypothesize that children who speak AAE have trouble comprehending words that are not commonly present in the dialect. The purpose of the study is to promote dialectal awareness and dialectal comprehension. The article’s research team is from the University of Wisconsin Madison, which holds one off the nations top Speech Language Pathology programs.

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Introduction Learning enables you as an individual, to gain more knowledge about something which you have never learned about. Learning also has to do with past experiences which are influenced by behavioural changes (Weiten, 2016). There are different types of ways to learn; through, classical conditioning, operant conditioning and observational learning which will be discussed and analysed in the essay.   Behaviourism Behaviourism is considered one of the main subjects in psychology and the two main people who founded behaviourism were, Burrhus Frederic Skinner, also known as B.F Skinner and Ivan Pavlov who were famous for the work they did on classical and operant conditioning (Moderato & Presti, 2006). According to Moderato and Presti

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Paper 1: BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION Becky Templin Clovis Community College February 17, 2018 Introduction The theory behind behavior modification ethics has a reputation for its accomplishments and disappointments. In addition to this, there are many dangers in using physical punishment as behavior modification with the two primary modifiers of behavior being Classical conditioning and Operant conditioning. The outcome of using negative reinforcement has its share of benefits and downfalls in human behavior whereas; positive reinforcement seems to win over.

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Conclusion Operant conditioning is a theory which was developed by an American psychologist named B.F. Skinner. This theory has been known as a learning process. It applies to four different methods, that consists of positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment and negative punishment. In this case positive is seen as something being added and negative as something being taken away.

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Eventually, the previously neutral stimulus comes to evoke the response without the presence of the naturally occurring stimulus. The two elements are then known as the conditioned stimulus and the conditioned response. 2. Operant conditioning Operant conditioning (sometimes referred to as instrumental conditioning) is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. Through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that

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Basically, operant conditioning involves reinforcement or punishment as the way of changes in behaviour or pattern permanently. Operant describes as voluntary response of living organism. The individual response is affected by the later consequences. In short, it is just an easy process of learning that tends to response more when the outcome is manipulated. Operant conditioning was found by Polish neurophysiologist Jerzy Konorsky.

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1. B.F. Skinner: Behaviour modification Positive and negative reinforcements or rewards and punishments are used to modify or shape learner’s behaviour. B. F. Skinner’s entire system is based on operant conditioning. The organism is in the process of "operating" on the environment, which in ordinary terms means it is bouncing around its world, doing what it does. During this "operating," the organism encounters a special kind of stimulus, called a reinforcing stimulus, or simply a reinforcer.

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Reinforcement and punishment are methods used in operant conditioning and both can be positive and negative but work in a unique way. Positive means you are adding something so you increase a behaviour and negative means you are taking something away so you decrease a particular behaviour. Reinforcement Reinforcement is used to help increase a specific behaviour in the future and if done correctly this behaviour will increase, occurring more frequently as the child develops.

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