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Behavioral And Evolutionary Psychological Theories Of Infants

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Today, in the 21st century, technology has become an everyday use not only in adults, but in infants too. Technology advances have developed rapidly in the last ten years. Infants are given a tablet or a cellphone and can do many wonders with it. There are three learning language theories that focus on the infant’s linguistics: behaviorism, social-pragmatic, and evolutionary psychology. Behavioral and Social-pragmatic theories are the two who are highly connected to today’s communication technology.
Theory one, also known as, behavioral theory is an idea acquired through association and reinforcement in which parents play an important role towards the infants learning process. In other words, Skinner’s theory, reflected that the frequent use of repetition is educational. So how do we make a connection with technology; easy by the use of sound, tone and color consistently. Sound, tone, and color all can be transmitted through television and kids tablets. For example, if an infant is watching Mickey Mouse Clubhouse and the episode focused on singing and learning the ABC’s and was repeated through many hours the infant will be able to identify letters and rhythm of the sounds. By …show more content…

That is, talking. Communication technology and socio-pragmatic go hand on hand when a parents instructs an infant on how to use a toy or a learning tablet. For instance, when an infant is playing with a toy and the mother or caregiver presses and lets the infant know what it is saying or pressing, the infant makes a connection among the toy and what the adult pointed to. As for a learning tablet, if the adult expresses what the tablet is displaying, and teaches the infant how to play the game it is most likely that the infant will know how to use a tablet effectively. In order for infants to develop the language, infants need parent’s

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Theorists such as Schaffer & Emerson (1964) argued that toddlers around 18 months are attached to more than one person whereas Bowlby’s theory suggests that 18 month old toddlers are attached to one person. This suggestion contradicts Bowlby’s theory. Schaffer & Emerson suggested that 18 month old toddlers may be attached to 5 or more people. (simplypsychology.org) Another theorist who disagreed with Bowlby’s theory is Rutter (1972) who argued that several attachment indicators that the child is attached to a person may be shown to more than one person such as the child’s father or the child’s siblings or even inanimate objects.

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Children learn new things through everyday life experience. Especially, young children who attend to the program of day-care or preschool can develop speaking skills while they play and interact with peers and teachers, such as free play time, teacher-directed activities, and having snack and lunch together. According to Janice J. Beaty (2014), “spoken language is one of the important skills” (p. 197) and a child’s language acquisition begins at birth and progress through everyday life: young children go through the four stages, Preproduction (just listen) Transition to Production (response with single-word answers), Early Production (speak short phrases, do chat, sing, and have a simple conversation), Expansion of Production (speak expanded

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The behaviors that shown by JA bring into mind the theories of behavioral theory, cognitive behavioral theory, and ecological theory. The behavioral theory based on the type of behavior and actions that are observed from JA. Cognitive behavioral theory when in the perspectives of others, JA immediately reacts by expressing himself through his words and actions. The ecological theory consists of JA and his interaction with individuals and his environment. These theories revolving around the actions and behavior JA shows in school.

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Indeed, storytelling is also a good way to help infant language development; baby Bink keeps saying a reduplicated word –“Boo-Boo”, which is the name of the character in his favorite story book. According to our lecture’s notes, infant during their 6-10 months can babble reduplicated words, and they usually can say their first words during the 9 months of age (chapter

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The Socio-behaviorist theory (behaviorism) Socio-behaviorists often study how children 's experiences model their behaviors (Nolan & Raban, 2015). Behaviorism believes that what matters is not the development itself, but the external factors that shape children 's behaviors (Nolan & Raban, 2015). This theory demonstrates that teachers and mentors dominate and instruct child-related activities, and they decide what children should learn and how to learn (Nolan & Raban, 2015). Reinforcement, which is an essential factor that helps children to learn particular behaviors, generally refers to rewards and punishments (Nolan & Raban, 2015). Children are more likely to repeat actions that result in receiving praise; in contrast, they may ignore or abandon behaviors that make them get punishment.

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STAGE 1 TRUST VS MISTRUST Birth to 1-year-old Trust vs mistrust, a central development task of an infant. This is throughout an infant’s whole first year of life. Infants cannot meet needs on their own, so they rely on adults in their lives, mostly their parents to show them that they can trust people. With family being the vital key role in this stage, if infants are properly loved, cared for and feel safe, they will develop a sense of trust in themselves and in others. If infants do not have a safe, healthy, and trusting environment, they will grow up with a sense of mistrust, fear, anger, and insecurity for everyone in the world in which they are growing in.

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Babies develop very quickly. They can suck and breast feed and also grasp hands. Babies that are neglected later find it harder to communicate with adults and other children.​ 1 year olds can normally crawl and roll over by themselves. They also attempt to speak but are often unclear. ​ 2 year olds will try to bring words together in short phrases.

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The fourth chapter of Mathew Saxton's textbook “Child Language“ is dedicated to the role input, particularily Child Directed Speech (CDS), plays in a child's ability to acquire language. In this literature summary I will I will provide a brief outline of his argumentation and compare it to corresponding section of the chapter about communication development in Infancy in 'The Developement of Language' by Jearn Berko Gleason and Nan Bernstein Ratner. Saxton describes linguistic input as the “fuel” which powers first language acquisition, and points out that child directed speech is a special register, designed in a way that might make it easier for the child to learn different aspects of language (Saxton, 80). Gleason and Ratner, although they mostly use the term caregiver's speech or baby talk, agree on this, and make a point to distinguish child directed speech from parents imitating the babbling of an infant (39).

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Developmental psychology is a scientific approach that describes growth, change and coherence throughout life. Developmental psychology looks at how one's thoughts, feelings and behavior change throughout his or her life. An important part of the theories within this discipline focus on development in childhood; because it is the time that elapses throughout the life of the individual when the most change occurs. Developmental psychologists examine broad theoretical domains such as biological, social, emotional, and cognitive processes. Prenatal development refers to the process of development of a baby from a single cell after pregnancy to embryo and then to a fetüs.

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Newborns communicate with hand gestures and sounds. With toddlers, they gain social skills and can move on to communicating with words and sentences. Supporting language development with a child can be done by having conversations with them and allowing them enough time after to process what you said and get a reply. In the video Bottomless Boxes, I noticed that the children were having a conversation with each other. The children were interacting with each other and showed one another how to climb through the boxes.

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In its most general sense, Behaviorism, also known as behavioral psychology, is a theory of learning developing as a result of the ideas and beliefs shared by a group of people who has influenced educators’ view of learning. The term behavioral psychology refers to a psychological approach which principally concerned with stimulus-response activities and emphasizes the role of environmental factors in a learning process, to the exclusion of own free will. There is a tenet of behavioral psychology that “only observable, measurable, an outward behavior is worth investigating” (Bush, 2006, p. 14). Historically speaking, behaviorism was originated in the 1880s and develops gradually in the twentieth-first century and beyond. Skinner and

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An infant in this stage is fascinated by the many things they can do to an object and they experiment with new behavior (Santrock, 2011). The final sensorimotor stage is internalization of schemes which develops in infants of 18 to 24 months of age (Santrock, 2011). In this stage, the infant can form mental representations and therefore can easily pick on certain new behaviors from the people around the infant (Santrock,

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From the earlier stages of development, children learn to understand other people by tone, facial expressions, and gestures. Although these are important aspects to communication if a child is only using gestures to communicate and not words, then there might be a difficulty in language development. On average “Children will typically be able to say 50 words by the time they reach 2 years. At this age, they will start to put short two-word sentences together. Language learning increases dramatically and by three years children are using three to four-word sentences and can be easily understood by familiar adults.

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Crain and Lillo-Martin state that “language is not a concrete set of things out in the world that we can point out to or measure rather; it is something inside our brains and minds”. The LAD in a child’s mind will eventually help the child to make sense of the language that develops through social interactions and experience. The LAD within the child’s brain makes it easy for them to understand the language. This claim is in coherence with Bruner (1957) who claims that, “Children are not little grammarians, motivated to decode the syntax of the language around them through the operation of their LAD, but social beings who acquire language in the service of their needs to communicate with others”. I second this statement because I believe that the acquisition of language is innate but the development of the language is parallel with what the child’ experiences and social interaction with their family, school, society.

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