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Biological Macromolecules: Compare And Contrast DNA And Protein

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Compare and Contrast DNA and Protein Major biological macromolecules such as Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) and proteins are essential in maintaining a cell and organism. DNA is a macromolecule that acts as a storage of genetic information in all cells, whereas a protein is a macromolecule which contains one or more polypeptides folded into a specific conformation based on the sequencing of amino acids.[7] DNA and protein will be compared in terms of function, synthesis, and bonding. Function DNA and proteins are essential biological macromolecules, but both perform different functions. Proteins are macromolecules that perform functions such as: structural support for body tissue, regulation of hormones, immunity, oxygen transport, muscle contraction …show more content…

1, DNA is synthesized through replication, whereas proteins are synthesized through Translation. DNA replication is a semi-conservative process resulting in the formation of a complementary strand. Translation is a process of translating RNA into an amino acid sequence, forming polypeptide chains. Both processes require the use of enzymes. However in DNA replication, enzymes such as helicase, ligase and polymerase are used[2] whereas ribosomes are used in translation.[4] Structure and Composition: Bonding DNA and proteins are similar as they are both polymers, produced by repeating monomer units. However, the monomers in DNA chains are nucleotides[15], whereas monomers in proteins are amino acids.[16] A phosphate group, a deoxyribose, and a base form a nucleotide. The phosphate group of a nucleotide joins with the hydroxyl group of an adjacent nucleotide, resulting in a phosphodiester covalent bond, forming a water molecule and a single stranded polynucleotide. Complementary base pairing between two polynucleotide chains are essential in forming double-stranded DNA. These chains are held together by the hydrogen bonds formed by complementary base …show more content…

DNA-protein interactions occur when a protein binds to a DNA molecule through electrostatic, dipolar interactions and dispersion forces.[13] DNA has a negatively charged sugar phosphate backbone, indicating that it is hydrophilic. This characteristic of DNA allows its backbone to form hydrophilic bonds with water molecules.[9] Evidently, bonding between nucleotides are essential in determining the structure of DNA. Likewise, the bonding that occurs within proteins characterizes its

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The biochemistry is very similar through all organisms with each containing DNA made from adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine. First, the DNA is transcribed into mRNA. That specific RNA is then converted into an amino acid sequence by ribosomal RNA. The amino acid code makes up a polymer that ultimately becomes the protein that constructs the organism’s distinctiveness. That is how the given organisms establish their physiognomies.

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Review 2: Text DNA is used to make polypeptides from what’s called a helicase. A polypeptide is a bond between the amino acids and if the process continues then it will form a protein. RNA is the process at which it is the messenger of DNA since it has two strands it is too long to make messages. MRNA is the messenger of RNA which travels throughout your body sending messages from place to place. Then comes TRNA, TRNA is the process at which it sends DNA to another place in your body so it can spread the information in the right place.

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DNA possesses the code for genetic information but does not undertake that data on its own, which is why we bring it into being by the activity of transcription; a messenger identified as mRNA. Once the mRNA is brought into existence, the following step is to move the mRNA out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm then evoke ribosomes that contain a similar letter coding. The initial step of replicating DNA is through the establishment of mRNA. The DNA helicase connects to the DNA molecule opening the double helix which then lets enzymes fracture the hydrogen bonds in the middle of the base pairs. Nucleotides making their way into the nucleus arrange hydrogen bonds in relation to their sets (cytosine to guanine and thymine to adenine.)

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=Describe two cellular processes that involve a covalent linkage between DNA and a protein. Answers: One method is called Strand Exchange mechanism where one of the single-strand 3ʹ ends from the damaged DNA molecule emerges its way into the template duplex and searches it for homologous sequences through base-pairing. Once the base pairing is established, DNA polymerase extends the invading strand by using the information provided by the undamaged template molecule, thus restoring the damaged DNA. This mechanism is achieved by interaction of a protein called Rad51 found in eukaryotes.

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Hydrogen bonds are important forces for tertiary structure of proteins. E) Hydrogen bonds are responsible for many of the unique properties of water. Answer:

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Hydrogen bonding is so important for life because they can hold the DNA strands together. When the bonds break, the hydrogen bonds act together to make sure that the DNA molecules are stable. Hydrogen bonding also helps water molecules cling together. Water is a liquid at temperature found on Earth’s surface all because of hydrogen bonding. 4.

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RNA = A C U G During transcriptions the mRNA is built up by commentary base pairing, using the DNA as a blueprint to construct the specific protein. CODON code for the bases to amino acids, once a molecule of mRNA has been transcribed it moves out of the nucleus via the nucleus pore. mRNA will be able to pass through the nuclear pore, which goes through the ribosome, production of protein through tRNA In the cytoplasm the mRNA combines with the ribosome cellular structure on which the polypeptide chain will be built in a process called transcription

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Describe the functions and relationship between genes, DNA, Chromosomes, and RNA DNA also known as deoxyribonucleic acid is made up of nucleotide. These nucleotides are arranged along the backbone. It is generally used to make protein. DNA are often called the blueprint of life since it contains all components of a cell. Genes are known as the basic unit of inheritance.

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Proteins are complex macromolecules that are formed by elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. Proteins composed of one or more polypeptide chains of amino acids. The main functions of proteins are to structure, support, protect, make movement, catalyst, transport and make hormones in human body. In the structural role, collagen and elastin provide support for connective tissue. Actin and myosin are proteins that involved in muscle contraction and movement.

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DNA replication is the process in which DNA duplicates itself in order to give the exact copies to the daughter cells. Enzymes play a pivotal role in the replication of DNA. One of the important enzymes is the DNA polymerase which provides nucleotides to the increasing chain. DNA helicase is another enzyme that is required for this process its role is to attach to the DNA strand in order to unwind it to two separate strands. The DNA single-stranded binding proteins is a type of protein that binds to the as a tetramer and makes the strand stable.

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Proteins play different roles in the body, and the task of understanding proteins function is very important in biological processes. Proteins are composed of linear sequences of smaller molecules called amino acids that accomplish most of the functions of the living cell. There are twenty different amino acids whose chemical and physical properties are varied. Any protein that is produced has two ends: the C-terminal and the N-terminal. Many sources of information are used to understand protein function.

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1.3 Essential Questions What is the structure and function of DNA? DNA is in the form of a double helix. Each subunit of DNA is known as a nucleotide containing a phosphate group (negative charge), ribose sugar, and nitrogenous base. The four different nitrogenous bases in DNA are paired with another nucleotide containing the complementary nitrogenous base. These pairs are Adenine and Thymine, and Cytosine and Guanine.

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These bonds vary between intermolecular and intramolecular, such as ionic interactions, disulphide bonds, hydrogen bonds and van der waals forces. The tertiary structure is very important to the protein as a whole as this decides the exact shape of the molecule. Proteins can form a variety of different shapes and is key to their roles. After the tertiary structure has formed they then form a complex structure by joining with different polypeptides or other non-protein prosthetic groups that are important to the function of the protein, this structure is known as the quaternary structure. The bonds holding the quaternary structure together are the same as the tertiary

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DNA replication lies in pairs of nucleotide bases. Base pairs are joined by weak hydrogen bonds (Lowe 15). Scientists found out how to decode DNA by seeing that it makes copies of itself (Johnson 49). When scientists cracked genetic code they learned how to read DNA sequences. They found out each codon, for example ATG specifies particular amino acid.

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Cited from U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (Genetics Home Reference of the National Library of Medicine (NLM), 2017). DNA is known as a polymer made of up of a double helix structure formed by the nitrogenous based of adenine; guanine: cytosine and thymine included with a phosphate molecule and a deoxyribose sugar to form a nucleotide. DNA is located in the cell nucleus and the mitochondria. DNA is an important factor needed during the procedure of cloning, as a gene is extracted from the DNA molecule to be cloned or modified, which will benefit in curing of diseases and disabilities. Mind Action Series.

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