Application of Calculus in Economics
Introduction
Every society is, by definition, formed by a group of individuals. But every group of individuals does not form a society. This is usually stratified and governed by rules, customs or conventions. Two attitudes are thus possible when one wishes to study social phenomena: either to take as a starting point the individual and his choices, in an ad hoc context, as simple as possible, or to first specify this context in time and Space, and then study how individual choices fit into it. The first attitude is that adopted by the dominant economic theory, called "neoclassical", within the framework of what is commonly called "microeconomics" (Henry 2004).The second attitude is that of Smith, Ricardo
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However, the subjects do not operate in isolation and in collaboration with other disciplines. This paper therefore seeks to give an in depth understanding of the connection between calculus and economics and the underlying significance of the model to the study of economics.
Application of Differentiation in Economics
Economics as a social science is not entirely dependent on explaining what happens within economies. In a bid to give an understanding of economic dynamics and makes projections which gives specification of economic variables such as effect of prolonged droughts on crop and food prices and the impact of that increased sales tax may have on the prices of finish commodities.
It further seeks to explain the unemployment impacts in relation to increased government spending. Consequently, through mathematics applications, it gives guidelines that firm and other government agencies are required to follow while allocating resources (Rosser, 2013). As such, mathematics is vital to any serious application of economics to these key areas. This section seeks to look at the practical applications of differentiation in
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This is easily explained: the economist is interested in the production and distribution of the resources available to society. Hence multiple quantitative operations, with quantities of goods, prices and values. The economist's activity ranges from relatively simple calculations, such as those made in accounting and actuarial calculus, to the more complicated ones relating to the search for an efficient allocation of resources. Mathematics then provides tools that can help to achieve a defined goal - the profit of some or the well-being of the community, for example - or to extract information from available data, mobilizing techniques such as Factor analysis or discriminant
Chapter seven focuses on measuring domestic output and national income. It informs on how GDP is measured, on how to figure out Real GDP and nominal GDP. It also discusses what is considered GDP, and what is not. GDP stand for gross domestic output, which its exact definition according to the textbook, is an output as the dollar value of all final goods produced within the borders of a country, usually in a year. This is a monetary measure.
This week in chapter six of the book, Economics, written by McConnell, Brue, and Flynn, I have learned about price elasticity of demand and supply, cross elasticity, total revenue, and income elasticity of demand. Through this week I believe the most important concepts are elasticity of supply and demand. Elasticity of demand is the sensitivity of a price change of a product. Elasticity of demand can be influenced by substitutability, proportion of income, luxuries versus necessities, and time. Price elasticity of supply is the responsiveness of producers to a price change in a product.
The persona portrayed by Dubner and Levitt in their novel Freakonomics is that of an unconventional Economist. Levitt’s introduction includes the quote "Morality, it could be argued, represents the way that people would like the world to work, whereas economics represents how it actually does work." (Levitt 13). This quote details an important distinction that characterizes the rest of Levitt's analysis. As an economist, he studies how the world actually functions, which tends to include deviations from what may be considered the moral.
Stephen Dubner and Steven Levitt have successfully entertained me with their novel, Freakonomics, which talks about economics in an in-depth and analytical level. The authors attempt to challenge subjective truths at face values, show how data can be rearranged, and how there is always a hidden side to everything. They attack every day aspects of life to shine humanity on figures we regard as untouchable and they are challenging the normal, hackneyed rhetoric about the way the world works. Ultimately, the authors make the world more inquisitive by offering statistics on subjects in order to look at an issue from a different perspective, they use economic approaches to analyze the connection between disciplines, and they offer insight to the deeper causes to major influences in history by appealing to authorities.
The term oikonomia is defined as the law of the house. The economist is the person who will take on the job to create the laws of the house. As we see today, our economy is a massive makeup of various ways to manage our society. Whether managed properly or mismanaged, the economist influences their economy strongly. Economy in general can function in many different ways, as we see in the literature works, “Gimpel The Fool”, “Where Are You Going?
We are told that Economics is the science that studies of the resources that are scarce and hard to come by. The very basis of the market is all about trade, to give up something precious in order to receive another precious
Two, the segregation of work from social life is not necessary for economic production. Three is the combination of the individual well being and individual production is not needed for economic organization. Four, selfishness and greed are only the appearance of human nature and is not needed for the dominant ones, and the fifth one is the inequality based on the class and gender that is not necessary characteristics of human society. The cultural beliefs surrounding the modern market do not reflect the universal “Human Nature”, it is the notion of Scarcity that is largely a social part but is not required for human existence. The way we look at the Modern economic theory is that humans are driven by greed and that more is better than less, is not the only way to look at the issues of production and distribution like the hunter-gatherers society.
Rational choice theory also stipulates that all complex social phenomena are driven by individual human actions. It focuses on the choice to engage in crime. We must keep in mind bounded rationality in order to understand Rationality is constrained by the limits of time and ability and the availability of relevant information (Cullen, 2014 pg 439). You can easily link Rational Choice theory to the film Scarface. In this film Tony Montana (Al Pacino) calculates the pleasure and benefits he can obtain if he becomes a cocaine distributer.
It also shows that default setting is broadly applicable and has many economic implications, opposed to the criticisms of Pesendorfer (2006) on behavioural economics to become economic psychology because of the focus on the mental processes guiding
Economics Risk 1. a. Assuming the opportunity interest rate is 8%, what is the present value of the second alternative mentioned above? The present value of second alternative is as follows, The formula to calculate the present value of future amount is given by PV of Future Amount = A / (1+r)
This provides the context under which the Keynesian theory of unemployment was formulated. John Maynard Keynes was one of the most prominent critics of the classical model and expressed his opposing views in his influential work, known as The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, published in 1936. The main aspect of his theory was the belief that demand caused supply, rather than the inverse causal relationship which was suggested by the classical theory. According to Keynes, production decisions are based on considerations of expected demand or total expected spending by consumers.
This curiosity inspired me take the economics course at the A-Level studies. In the dramatic world today, we are facing the unstable economic settings caused by fluctuations in world’s oil price. This in turn affects my family’s livelihood and we need to think of innovative intervention. And this has pushed to engage with economics, at the personal, national and international levels. To further broaden my knowledge of economics, I read the book, 23 Things They Don’t Tell You About Capitalism by Ha-Joon Chang.
To simplify the analysis we can take a neo-classical "averaged" utility function. It does not take into account any variety of possibilities of maximizing value at a constant income or the difference between subjective desire to use available resources and the objective possibilities. Consequently, when preferences are established, the decision of the utility function is to determine the unknown results of individual choice. However, the value of theory which predicts consumer choice or other economic entity will be high, when the surrounding situation remains relatively stable and the potentials that are included in the theory are available for agent’s acceptance and processing.
During the period of the development of traditional economics, researchers deducted the psychological nature of economic agents, thus, they created the model of homo economicus. Back in the 19th century, John Stuart Mills was the first who proposed the definition of the term (Persky 1995). According to Mill, homo economicus is '[…] solely as a being who desires to possess wealth, and who is capable of judging the comparative efficacy of means for obtaining that end’ (1844). Homo economicus, or economic man, is characterized by using rational thinking to avoid redundant actions and maximize his own economic welfare.
Economics is the social science that explains consumer behavior and how different markets for goods and services function and the kinds of decisions people make pertaining to the economy ie. Money. Economic