Cindy Martinez University of the People PSYC 1111 – Unit 3 – Learning Journal According to the reading in the textbook, Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) is a technique, often used to “reinforce positive behaviors and punish unwanted behaviors” and is one of the most common tools used in the field of autism (OpenStax College, 2014). However, ABA is a controversial therapy to use in the field of autism with many former recipients of ABA arguing against the use of ABA on the basis that it is harmful to children who are being forced to change in order to become ‘normal’ (Devita-Raeburn, 2016). Unfortunately, ABA has a long history and is covered by most health insurances unlike other more recent therapies in the field of autism. This often makes
Summary: Chapter 2 Chapter two dives into the concept of learning. As mentioned in the previous chapter, learning is the study of changes in behavior produced by experience, so when studying learning it is vital to examine how events in the environment change an individual’s behavior. Many scientists consider learning to be a natural phenomenon, they make their case based on four assumptions. The first assumption being that natural phenomena’s do not just happen, but instead they are caused as the result of some other event. The second assumption is that causes precede effects.
And the three perspectives i would be discussing in the paper will be: What is Behaviorism? this perspective mostly differs from other approaches because it views that both people and animals are controlled by their environment and specifically that we are the result of what we have learned from our environment. in other words, that it is shaped by our experience. Behaviorism is
By viewing things from such perspective, we may be able say instinct could be considered as factor that led
Instinctual behaviors are those that are instinct such as eating, staying warm, and knowing how to survive. The learned behaviors such as knowing how to interact with other primates and knowing how to parent don 't come instinctualy but come from watching and learning from other primates. They did a study where they raised a monkey without a mother to see if that monkey would be fully capable when an adult. The results showed that that monkey did not know how to raise her own offspring or how to interact with other monkeys. This shows that knowing how to raise offspring and interact with others is not something that is instinctual for primates but more something that is learned.
It’s learned reactions and adaptations that help people make their decisions whether that be for better or for
In only going off of instinctive behavior, you are only doing what you can to survive, but not necessarily thrive. But, in using learned behaviors you can survive and thrive as learned behaviors build off of learned behaviors but only serve to make your life easier and
Hierarchical Compatibilism would say that an animal primary instinct is based on environment and biology, whereas a human has more than just their environment and biology; a human can have a desire to not want a desire and that derives from a 1st order of desire. In this example, I’ll take smoking. Your first desire is to smoke. From there, let’s say that one hears of someone that because of their smoking, had to lose his legs or even for cancer from smoking. The 2nd order of desire derives from your new information but also because your 1st order of desire is no longer what you want-
As such, instinct can have a major impact on decision making and therefore should be studied in greater detail. Conclusion Decision making is a complex process with many factories that research has sought to examine. While there are many methodologies to making a decision and many factors that can affect a decision, Rousseau and Barends (2011) said it best “We make the best decisions we can at that time, based on the best information we have available”. As such, there is an inherent understanding with decision making, that the choice is rarely ever wrong, rather it was the right choice at that
But, if it were a matter of comparison, there’s surely something significant that distinguishes human beings from animals. Many of the habitual mannerisms human’s posses are instinctual and have developed over time as mechanisms for survival. When humans are faced with obstacles, they display emotions and think accordingly to our surroundings. However, humans have an even more distinctive attribute; their ability
Introduction Learning enables you as an individual, to gain more knowledge about something which you have never learned about. Learning also has to do with past experiences which are influenced by behavioural changes (Weiten, 2016). There are different types of ways to learn; through, classical conditioning, operant conditioning and observational learning which will be discussed and analysed in the essay. Behaviourism Behaviourism is considered one of the main subjects in psychology and the two main people who founded behaviourism were, Burrhus Frederic Skinner, also known as B.F Skinner and Ivan Pavlov who were famous for the work they did on classical and operant conditioning (Moderato & Presti, 2006). According to Moderato and Presti
" Behaviour is learned from the environment through the process of observational learning." The behaviour we observed is models. In social life, children encompassed with effective people like parents, siblings, friends, tv characters and teachers etc. They attract to certain people and encode the behaviour and later imitate the behaviour interest to them regardless whether it is appropriate or inappropriate for them.
Behaviorists believe that our responses to environmental stimuli shapes our behaviors. John Watson believed that if he were given infants, then he would be able to make one a thei,
INTRODUCTION Have you ever thought on how people explain about behaviour? How do we know when learning process has occurred? Learning is permanent change that happened in the way of your behaviour acts, arises from experience one’s had gone through. This kind of learning and experience are beneficial for us to adapt with new environment or surrounding (Surbhi, 2018). The most simple form of learning is conditioning which is divided into two categories which are operant conditioning and classical conditioning.
In support of his findings, Skinner eventually realized that human beings could not only respond also manage their environment to induce results. However, Skinner and Watson both repudiated that thinking or emotion plays a significant role in determining behavior. Instead, humans appear to learn many behaviors -including languages- through repetitions and positive or negative reinforcement. Scientifically speaking, behaviorism explains how learning takes place. When it is taken into account in the field of language teaching, it shows how languages are learned.
